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Alignment Model
Mission HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
What
Organizational Priorities
How
Values
Your
UNIT OR DEPARTMENT
Departmental Priorities
PERSONAL
Organizational Alignment
a key to Performance Management
All efforts must be aligned with overall goals and strategies of the organization.
Performance Appraisal
Developmental and Administrative Decision Processes
Performance Appraisal
We all measure our subordinates performance whether we do it formally or informally Very important to document what we evaluate Also necessary to show a clear link between what we evaluate and job requirements
Ranking Method
Straight ranking Alternation ranking Paired comparison
Attractions? Limitations?
Forced Distribution
Design? Purpose? Do you recommend or not recommend?
Why or why not?
Critical Incidents
Based on Observation of Behaviors
Positive Negative
Critical Incidents
Each Observation is Discussed With the Employee at the Time of Occurrence A Portfolio of Observed Events is Collected Over Time
MBO
Steps in development and usage? Potential strengths and weaknesses?
Who Appraises?
Supervisor Peers Subordinates Self Appraisal Customers
Usefulness of Each?
Explain
Performance management
Definition: Employee performance management is the process of involving employees in accomplishing your agencys mission and goals. Employee performance management includes: planning work and setting goals, monitoring performance, developing capacity, reviewing performance, and rewarding good work.
Plan
Develop
Reward
Review
Performance planning at the start of the year and then periodically is the core of the performance management process. The performance plan should be a written document.
Performance planning
How is what I do on a daily basis tied to the success of this organization? What are my performance goals for the next time period? How are my goals aligned with the organizational goals?
Performance Planning
Performance results the what
Performance outcomes or standards from job description Performance objectives for the next time period
Development objectives
Peter Drucker
Management by Objectives was first outlined by Peter Drucker in 1954 in his book 'The practice of Management'. According to Drucker managers should avoid 'the activity trap', getting so involved in their day to day activities that they forget their main purpose or objective. One of the concepts of Management by Objectives was that instead of just a few topmanagers, all managers of a firm should participate in the strategic planning process, in order to improve the implementability of the plan. Another concept of MBO was that managers should implement a range of performance systems, designed to help the organization stay on the right track.
MBO is a system in which specific performance objectives are jointly determined by subordinates and their superiors, progress toward objectives is periodically reviewed, and rewards are allocated on the basis of this progress.
MBO Principles
Cascading of organizational goals and objectives Specific objectives for each member Participative decision making Explicit time period Performance evaluation and feedback
Hierarchy of objectives
Vision Mission Goals Objectives Policies Procedures
MBO substitutes for good intentions a process that requires rather precise written description of objectives (for the period ahead) and time-lines for their monitoring and achievement. The process requires that the manager and the employee agree to what the employee will attempt to achieve in the period ahead, and (very important) that the employee accept and buy into the objectives (otherwise commitment will be lacking).
SMART
Management by Objectives introduced the SMART method for checking the validity of Objectives, 'SMART': Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic, and Time-related.
Daily performance management! Monitoring includes measuring performance and giving feedback. Two way communication between the manager and employee throughout the performance period is critical to the performance management process.
Develop
Feedback and coaching informal Monitoring and tracking performance against standards and progress toward goals. Quarterly performance planning and performance discussions Development through coaching, training, challenging or visible assignments, improving work processes
Performance Review
Summary of performance over a period of time Evaluate performance results and behaviors Conducted face-to-face with a written record. While rating and ranking has both pros and cons, a summary rating of each employee may be useful.
Results based
Performance outcomes Objectives
Other information
Employee comments Summary of one to three major achievements Strengths / areas for development Overall rating Plan for development (if not elsewhere) Performance plan for next period (if not elsewhere)
Stage 5 Reward
Good performance should be rewarded. Recognition and non-monetary rewards are an important part of the reward structure. These include jobrelated rewards such as visible project assignments. Even thank you and recognition for a job well done are rewards!!
Compensation
Merit increases? Pay to market? Increases added to base pay or lump sum? Separate conversation about pay from conversation about performance!!!!!
Communication
Timeframe for the performance management cycle Instructions for the supervisor Instructions for the employee Tie to other systems Support available
Id rather kick bricks with my bare feet than do appraisals (manager at Digital Corp) Many companies abolished ratings:
Pratt & Whitney Blockbuster IBM Albany Intern
Performance Appraisal
Purpose
Control Behavior
Set Standard Measure Performance Compare Performance Against Standard If Discrepancy Exist, Take Corrective Action
Used to Provide Feedback Used as Basis of Reward & Punishment Systems Used for System Improvement
Dr. Dianna Stone
Performance Management
Rewardor Take Reward or Take Corrective Action Corrective Action Set Standards
Provide Feedback
Measure Performance
Dr. Dianna Stone
Performance Standards
Managers assume standards are clear Communicate What is to be done? How well should it be done?
Performance Measures
Objective Measures - Hard Criteria
$ Sales Units Produced Error Rate Personnel Data Absence Rate Turnover Tardiness
Weaknesses
Performance Modified by Situation - Opportunity Bias System Responsible for 96% of Variance - Person 4% (Deming) Objective measures do not apply to all jobs
Dr. Dianna Stone
Performance Measures
Subjective Measures - Performance Measures Who Rates? Supervisors, Peers, Subordinates, Self Errors & Biases
Halo Error Central Tendency Leniency (Positive & Negative)
Methods
Ranking - Rank order ratees from highest to lowest Behavioral Checklist - Series of Descriptive Statements of Job-Related Behavior
Example: ____ Comes to class on time ____ Courteous with clients ____ Sleeps on the job 20% Below Average 40% Average 20% 10% Above Excellent Average
Dr. Dianna Stone
Forced Distribution
10% Poor
Methods
Advantages (Forced Distribution) : Decreases Central Tendency & Leniency Errors Disadvantages (Forced Distribution): May not be accurate reflection of performance Graphic Rating Scale - Most Widely Use Quality (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Poor Below Average Average Above Excellent Average
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale - Based on critical incidents, Behaviors are anchors
Dr. Dianna Stone
Methods
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales Police Officer: Job Knowledge High (7, 8, 9) Follows correct procedures for evidence preservation Average (4, 5, 6) Seldom has to ask other about points of law Low (1, 2, 3) Misinforms the public about laws
Appraisal Interviews
Give Feedback daily Encourage participation Judge performance not personality Be specific - provide critical incidents Set mutual goals
Dr. Dianna Stone