SEMICONDUCTOR, DIODE and POWER SUPPLY Master subtitle style Click to edit

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SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductor is an element with a

valence four where an isolated atom of material has four elements in its outer or valence orbit.
Number of electrons in the valence orbit is the

key to electrical conductivity.

Conductor one valence electron Semiconductor four valence electron Insulator eight valence electron

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If the silicon is doped with Arsenic (which

has 5 electrons in the outer most orbit). It has extra electrons and it become N type semiconductor. Electron are then negatively charged. 3 electrons in the outer most orbit). It has extra holes and it become P type semiconductor. Electron are then positively charged.
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If the silicon is doped with Boron (which has

INTRODUCTION

Diode is a device

with two electrodes i) anode (P-type)

P N Ano de Catho de
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Bias refers to an outside voltage applied to an

electronic device to produce certain operation conditions. i) forward ii) reverse

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Diode is said to be in forward bias when +ve

source of bias is connected to anode and cathode is connected to ve source.

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Diode is said to be in reverse bias when -ve

source of bias is connected to anode and cathode is connected to +ve source.

If during reversed bias, there is no current flow is

the diode is an ideal device but in 4/16/12 fact actual there is a small current flow due to the minority

DIODE MODEL
Ideal Diode
Simplest diode model where the diode is assumed as a

switch. i) Forward bias - voltage drop across a diode is assume as zero

V (0 V) where the diode acts likeD a short circuit or R the diode is ON and there is current flow through it. VS VD R VS + VT

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ii) Reverse bias - the diode acts like an open circuit or open switch and there is no current flow through it. The diode is said to be OFF.
VD

V
S

ID R V
S

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Constant Voltage Model

There is a voltage drop across a diode and the

value depends on the type of diode.

This model gives a more accurate analysis of

electronic circuit that contains diodes

Diode Model with Threshold Voltage

This model allows current to flow after the

threshold voltage is reached.

Only occurs in forward bias condition 4/16/12

DC CIRCUITS
Identify the condition of the diodes whether

:
It is in ON state that is if the direction of current in

the circuit is the same as the direction of the arrow of the diode (anode to cathode). the circuit is the opposite as the direction of the arrow of the diode (cathode to anode).

It is in OFF state that is if the direction of current in

Load Line Analysis

The applied load will give an impact in the point or

region of operation of a diode.

The intersection of the load line with the device
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Load line
I
D

I R

Q-point

VS

VD

VD

Apply KVL to the series circuit

VS = IDR + VD
If ID is set to 0 A, therefore :

VS = VD - this will provide the magnitude of VD on the 4/16/12 horizontal axis.

Example : Determine the current, ID, and voltage, VD using ID the load line. 400 (mA) ID
+ 10 V VD 3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 VD (V)

10

Use KVL, -VS + IDR + VD = 0

VS = IDR + VD

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ID (mA)

3 0 2 IDQ = 23 5 mA 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 VD (V)

1 VDQ = 1V

10

The load line is shown from the graph:

IDQ = 23 mA VDQ = 1 V

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Series Circuits Example : For the circuit given, calculate the current, I and I the voltage resistor, VR.
10 V Ideal 20 V R

Using KVL, voltage, VR can be calculated as : VR = VS - VD

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Example : For the circuit given, calculate the current, I, the G voltage across the diode, VD. and the voltage I e resistor, VR.
10 V + VD 2.2 k + V+ RV -R -

4/16/12 The voltage across the diode is equal to the knee voltage of Germanium diode : VD = 0.3 V.

Parallel Circuits

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Series - Parallel Circuits

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF POWER SUPPLY

TRANSFORMER

STEP UP STEP DOWN

RECTIFIER

HALF WAVE FULL WAVE

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FILTER

TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one

circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or " voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow

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RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that

converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC) which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification.
Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the diode must

be considered to ensure it will not enter Zener Diode region when it is reverse biased to avoid the diode to burnt.
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There are two types of rectifiers

Half wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier

Bridge rectifier

Center Tapped Transformer Rectifier

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Half-wave Rectifier In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.
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Input signal

Half wave rectifier

Output signal

Input signal

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 output voltage is measured across the load resistor, RL. during the +ve cycle ( 0 T/2), direction of the current

through the diode is from anode to cathode.

diode will conduct and there will be a voltage drop

across RL.
during the -ve cycle (T/2 - T), direction of the current

through the diode is reversed. diode will not conduct. Hence, V0 = 0V.
the output DC voltage of a half wave rectifier can be

calculated with the following two ideal equations:

relation between the peak output voltage, V0peak and

the rectified voltage or average voltage, Vdc : 4/16/12

Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes
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Bridge Rectifier
Input signal
+/ D 1 D 4 R +VoD 2 D 3

Bridge Rectifier

-/ +

Output signal
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during the +ve cycle ( 0 T/2)

- diodes D1 and D3 will be in ON state (forward biased) current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL.
+ D2

D1

R +Vo-

D4

D3

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 during the -ve cycle (T/2 - T)

diodes D2 and D4 will be in ON state (forward biased) current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a drop across RL. This will cause the value and polarity of the voltage across load resistor is in the positive region.
D1 R +VoD2

D4 +

D3

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The average and root-mean-square output

voltages of an ideal single phase full wave rectifier can be calculated as:

Relation between the peak output voltage,

V0peak and the rectified voltage or average voltage, Vdc and it is doubled compared to the half wave rectifier circuit: Vdc = 2(0.318 V0peak) = 0.636 V0peak
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Center Tapped Transformer Rectifier

Input signal

Center Tapped Transformer Rectifier

Output signal
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during the +ve cycle ( 0 T/2)

- diodes D1 is forward biased and D2 is reversed biased. - current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL.

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during the -ve cycle (T/2 -T)

diodes D2 is forward biased and D1 is reversed biased. current will flow through the load resistor and there will be a voltage drop across RL. This will cause the value and polarity of the voltage across load resistor is in the positive region

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Note:

i) if N2 > N1 = step up transformer ii) if N1 > N2= step down transformer

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Ideal Output waves for Half Wave and Full

Wave Rectifiers

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Non-Ideal Output waves for Half Wave and Full

Wave Rectifiers

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Filter Used in dc power supply to convert the pulsating dc output from half wave or full wave rectifier circuit into an unvarying dc voltage

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Half Wave Rectifier with RC Filter

Draw..

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 During +ve cycle Diode is turned ON Capacitor chargers Charging time constant is small due to no

resistance exist in the charge path except for the resistance of connecting wires (between 00 to 900 )
When ac input begins to fall from 900, the diode

is turned OFF due to the reversed biased.

As the diode is OFF, the capacitor begins to

discharge

The discharge time constant is a lot longer than

charging time due to the load resistance. almost a constant dc output with a slight

The cycle continues and the output is shown as 4/16/12

Full Wave Rectifier with RC Filter

Draw..

The ripple frequency from a full wave

rectifier is twice of half wave rectifier. Therefore, the capacitor does not have much time to discharge before another positive cycle starts/re-occur.
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Percentage of Ripple
Eventhough output of the filter should be a

constant dc level but there is a slight fluctuation or ripple in the output signal. of ripple to rate the action of the filter.

This phenomenon is called as percentage

where Vrms peak is calculated for peak value of ripple voltage 4/16/12

Ripple voltage,

To produce a steady or constant dc voltage,

the circuit should have ripple less than 10% of the load voltage

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Ex. : Suppose a bridge rectifier has a dc load current of 10 mA and a filter capacitance of 470 F. What is the peak to peak ripple output of a capacitor input filter? Assume fin = 50 Hz

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Ex. : Assume a filter bridge rectifier with a line voltage of 120 Vrms, a turns ratio of 9.45, a resistance of 1 k, a filter capacitance 470 F and a load resistance of 1 k . What is the dc load voltage?

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ZENER DIODE
Designed to operate in reverse biased

region, it has a low reverse breakdown voltage i.e. 6V

Usually a silicone diode Can operate in three (3) regions :

i)

Forward bias (Vi > VD) - act as general purpose diode/normal diode - operates at 0.7 V

ii)

Leakage (0 < Vi < Vz)

- between 0 and the breakdown voltage

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Characteristic I-V of a Zener Diode

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General purpose diode circuit

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Zener voltage regulator is a circuit that maintains the output voltage at a fixed level as determined by the rated voltage of Zener diode.

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Fixed Vi and Fixed RL

Basic voltage regulator using Zener diode
R + Vi + VZ IZ IL RL + V o

-to analyze the circuit, determine whether the Zener diode is CONDUCTING or NOT CONDUCTING.
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1)

Remove Zener diode from the circuit.

R + Vi I R I Z + VL IL RL + V o

+ VZ -

1)

Calculate VL using Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)

If VL < VZ, Zener diode is OFF. Therefore the circuit is not a voltage regulator.

If VL > VZ, Zener diode is ON. Therefore the circuit is a voltage regulator. Output voltage would maintain as voltage of Zener Diode and VL must be greater VZ than to regulate or maintain its output voltage.

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Ex. Determine V0, VR, IR, IZ and PZ. Repeat if RL = 1.2 k

IR + Vi 22 V R 800 ohm + VZ + VZ 12 V IZ IL + Vo -

+ VL -

RL 800 ohm

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Fixed Vi and Variable RL

Zener diode can hold output voltage at

constant level even if load resistance varies.

To ensure Zener diode turned ON and to

avoid excessive, Izmax, flowing through it there is a minimum and maximum value of RL.

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R IR

+ Vi -

+ VR -

IZ

IL

+ Vo

+ VZ -

+ VL -

RL

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- the min value of RL :

- the max value of RL :

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Ex. : Determine the range of RL and IL that

will result in VL being maintained at 15 V.

R 500 ohm IZmax = 32 mA + VZ + VL -

IR + Vi 40 V -

+ VR -

IL

+ Vo RL -

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Fixed RL and Variable Vi

Zener diode can hold output voltage at

constant level even when the input voltage varies.

Need to determine the minimum and

maximum values of the input voltage so that it would not exceed maximum Zener current, IZmax

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IR

+ Vi -

+ VR -

IZ

IL

+ Vo

+ VZ -

+ VL -

RL

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- the min value of Vi :

- the max value of Vi :

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Ex. : Determine the range of Vi that will maintain VL at 12 V.

IR

R = 500
IZ

+ Vi -

IL

+ Vo

+ VR -

+ VZ -

Pzmax 500 mW

+ VL -

RL = 1.8 k

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