Impact of Engineering Innovation on the Health care Industry

Click to edit Master subtitle style Submitted to, Professor. Erik Sander By , Nakul Ganji

History of Healthcare

Sumerians constructed the earliest known healthcare complexes around hot springs during 4000 B.C(approximately) Ancient Greeks were the first to lay a foundation for comprehensive tourism medical network. In honor of their god of medicine Asclepius". They constructed Asclepia temples which become some of the worlds first healthcare centers

Temple and cult of Asclepius

In India, the history of medical tourism was also slowly unfolding with the popularity of yoga and Ayurveda medicine. As early as 5000 years ago, constant streams of medical travelers and spiritual students flocked to India to seek the benefits of these alternative-healing methods. When Rome became a global power, several hot-water baths and springs called Thermae came into existence and gained popularity among the elite. These baths were not only healthcare facilities, but became commercial and social networking centers for the rich and the elite.

History of MedicineThe Middle Ages

With the downfall of the Roman Civilization, Asia continued to be the prime medical tourism destination for healthcare travelers. Temples gave way to hospitals that provide clinical services to travelers seeking healthcare. These institutions are chronicled in medical tourism history.

The Invention of Hospital

Many early Islamic cultures established health care systems that also catered for foreigners. In 1248 AD, the Mansuri Hospital was built in Cairo and became the largest and most advanced hospital in the world of that time. With the capacity to accommodate 8,000 people, this hospital became a healthcare

History of medicineThe Renaissance Period

The Renaissance Period of the 14th to 17th century, not only highlighted the rebirth of art and culture in Europe and England, but was also a period where medical tourism flourished. A village known as Ville d'Eaux or Town of Waters, became famous throughout Europe in 1326 when

History of Medicine Post Renaissance Period The discovery of the New World

brought new destinations for European medical travelers. During the 1600s, English and Dutch colonists started building log cabins near mineral springs rich with medicinal properties. During this time, it was noted that the Native Americans in the New World were adept in the healing arts. Knowledge in herbal medicine was

History of medicine during the 20th and 21st Century became the America and Europe

center of the healthcare world In 1933, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) was established which established educational and professional policies, which became the blueprint of standards around the world. In 1958, the European Union of

During the 20th century there was a tremendous advancement in the healthcare industry. In 1900, an American man could expect to live on average until he was 45 years old. By 1940, that life-expectancy number had jumped to 62 years, while for women the average number increased from 51 years to 66 years. That unprecedented advance in public health was largely the result of the spread of

Some Important Medical Innovations 1.Ambulance 10 .Hepatitis

Vaccine 2.Antiseptics Process 3.Band Aids 4.Blood bank Contraceptives 5.Cloning .Pasteurization 6.Contact lenses 11 .Insulin 12 .MRI 13 .Oral 14 15 .Polio

for the head

1504 - Leonardo da Vinci produces wax cast of human ventricles 1681 - Thomas Willis coins the term Neurology 1791 - Luigi Galvani publishes work on electrical stimulation of frog nerves 1832 - Massachusetts establishes a "State Lunatic Hospital" for the mentally ill 1948 - The World Health Organization is found

Brain Tumor-Impact of engineering innovation in curing it

Important inventions for curing the Brain Tumor Invention of EEG in 1924 made it possible to think about diagnosing tumors MRI-magnetic resonance imaging plays a very important role in detecting tumors Cranial CT scans

who survived brain tumor

Acting Sandy Duncan, Martin Kemp, Mark Allan Ruffalo

Music James Murphy, A.J crose

The great singer BOB MARLEY could survive for more than 8 months

Result of Innovation in Engineering

Tom Hanks John Travolta Billy Bob Thorton Kevin James David Beckham Jude law

Healthcare profession dealing with eyes is known as optometry Ancient Chinese were the first to invent eyeglasses over 1000years ago Benito Daza published the third book on optometry in 1623 In 1914 Ohio state university started the first ever educational program on optometry

From this base, it was possible to design technology for spectacles with varying power. Later, it was possible to invent technology for lenses and Lasik treatment. It is very difficult to imagine a life without alternative for weak vision

Current Areas of Importance for Engineers

Tissue Engineering Genetic Engineering Neural Engineering Pharmaceutical Engineering Medical Imaging Clinical Engineering

Tissue Engineering
Also Known as regenerative medicine It applies the principles of engineering towards the progress of tissue function Includes interesting topics like construction of artificial skin, artificial bone marrow, artificial bone It utilizes living cells as materials

One of the most important research topic in tissue engineering is the stem cell research It includes research involving stem cells from human and non-human sources Believed by many people as a curing technology for cancer

Genetic Engineering
Involves the modification of an organism using techniques that introduce foreign substances into a host. Was developed in 1986 when tobacco plants were modified for resistance to herbicides Has been greatly utilized in various fields of medicine

Has been used to mass-produce insulin, vaccines and many other drugs Gene therapy has been used to replace defective human genes with functional copies Used to create animal models of human diseases ex-genetically modified mice

Neural Engineering

Engineering Principle concerned with the properties of neural systems Contains broad range of Topics Such as Computational neuroscience, experimental neuroscience, electrical engineering and signal processing Huge amount of importance is being given as a result of this field to interface between the human brain and computer

Pharmaceutical Engineering

It is concerned with the improvement of procedures followed in converting chemical and biological materials into valuable pharmaceuticals This field is fast gaining attention. It was initially exposed by University of Michigan, which developed a program for pharmaceutical engineering

Medical Imaging

A technique to create images of the human body for medical purposes Involves radiology, nuclear medicine, radiological sciences, endoscopy and microscopy The cause of the disease is analyzed from the observed signal

Different technologies used: Radiography Magnetic resonance Imaging Fiduciary markers Tomography Ultrasound Photo acoustic Imaging

Clinical Engineering

Involves applying medical technology to optimize healthcare delivery Clinical engineering involves a large number of industrial engineers to help them address factors such as operations research, human factors , cost analysis Clinical Engineers form a bridge between the product creators and end users.

Healthcare Industry as a result of Engineering Innovation

SMS Consultation Distance Learning Handheld Hospital Remote Diagnostics Gaming for health

SMS Consultation

A short message can be used in this method to ask experts for vital information in realtime and get an instant reply. The Information is easy to remember and spread The increased availability of mobile phones all over the world connects people like never before, and makes it easy for SMS consultation

Distance Learning

Due to a great number engineering Innovations it is now possible for us to stream and view high quality video content on handheld devices With the help of distance learning we can spread awareness of latest techniques among remote areas Developing countries would benefit a lot from this practice as it would help them educate their people with least effort

Handheld Hospitals

Mobile applications, peripherals are becoming sophisticated enough to perform tasks Tasks that are comparable to their hospital equivalents at prices that are more accessible for the emerging economies Mobile devices can be used to monitor patients and larger populations, identifying and preventing pandemics by treating people before disease spreads.

Remote Diagnostics
Researchers at the University of Florida have developed a prototype of an ingestible pill capsule containing a microchip and an antenna, which automatically alerts doctors or family members when it is ingested. After it is swallowed, the microchip in the pill transmits a signal to an external electronic device which then alerts a cell phone.

Remote patient monitoring via the Iphone

The Airstrip series of applications for the IPhone are a collection of mobile services that allow physicians to monitor patient status information away from medical centers in real-time. The technology platform taps into the hospital systems and provides waveform data sets such as heart beat, vital signs and imaging data via a secure connection from hospital to doctor.

Gaming For Health

In an effort to motivate individuals to make smarter decisions about their health, services are being developed that provide incentives alongside activities such as fitness, diet and disease management. By introducing game mechanics into areas of life that people are already engaged in, designers are helping both influence and reinforce positive behaviors. This feedback loop encourages healthier choices.

Gaming for healthreceiving real rewards for fitness

Biomedical Printing
Building on advances in physical and 3D printing technologies, artificial constructions of biomedical materials are becoming a reality. Developments that allow for rapid printing of medicines, artificial prosthetics, and even human tissue, point towards future access to medical support anywhere on demand

3D Printer successfully creating Human vein

Bioprinter spraying skin cells onto wounds

Summary

Since the discovery of healthcare complexes by the Sumerians, the healthcare industry has undergone a huge transformation Engineers have played a pivotal role in the progress of healthcare industry. Without there achievements it would have been difficult to imagine the present scenario of affairs