By: Hadaitullah Baqri

E-Mail:hadaitbaqri@gmail.com

Chapter Two Civilization

What is Civilization
An advance stage in human society Conditioned by Geography, politics and economic and technological culture Controversial Concept Modernity and Modernization.. Influence on civilization (Acceptability, Advancement in every field, Modernization

Continued
Nations and Civilization Chinese (internal problem), India, Ottoman and Kingdoms in Africa and global dominance Why Europeans (Effect, Efficient, technology and political will power to subjugate other, racial and religious motives Why and how Europe dominate the world (technological advancement, years of wars, political rivalry Roman Empire (modernized leadership, great military power, good political structure and diplomatic system. Hegemonic overstretch

Western Imperialism
Stages in European development (Reformation, Renaissance, EnlightenmentHumanism)

Technology and Imperialism (Navigation, expedition, Christianization, colonialism, No Mans land, Whiteman's burden, Unculturedness of the others, racially lanced, height of injustice and inequality
Gunpowder, naval ships and Canons Emergence of the European Sovereign Nation-State (1618-1648) why war Treaty of Westphalia (a) Recognition of States Sovereignty (b) No interference in domestic matters of other state (c) Kings right and authority over territory and decision over religion (d) Independence and equality of state (e) The end of Popes power, feudalism and recognition of King

Continued
The rise of Absolute Monarchy (Old Wine in a New Bottle) Rise of financiers and trade expedition Technological Development for Imperialism and warfare Urbanization due to the end of Feudalism (transformation of the society)

Political Revolution
Enlightenment (from monarch to popular rule) Absolute Monarchy (1648-1789) repression, oppression, injustice, dearth of political freedom and equal representation Political philosophers and Democracy (Liberty, Equality and Fraternity) Literacy rate, printing press, nationalism, urbanization (demand of rights)

Economic Revolution
Ideology and Change Industrial revolution (from subsistence to industrial production, surplus, profit) Expansion of Market and demand of raw materials (Imperialism and colonialism) England the Pacesetter but why and how (a) Systematic agricultural practice (large scale farming and for population and factory

Continued
b) Before revolution was trade revolution (good national and international trade network) (c) Ship building and water ways and British Merchants.Commercialization of British goods) (d) Marriage of scientific knowledge and trade skills, and the influence of government geared at maintaining British hegemony Effects of the Revolution Population Explosion in the city (Urbanization) New life style (Away from home) and (Closer to workplace) Development of transportation system for the Urban and industrial life Colonialism (social Darwinism)
(

The 20th Century

The First and Second World Wars (Versailles Treaty, the 14 points of Windrow Wilson and the birth of the League of Nations Italian, German, Japanese and Russian factors and the dawn of the Second World War (The Nuclear threat, Potsdam Treaty, the appearance of the United Nations and a New World Order)