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Examples : Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00 percentage of weight of earths crust respectively. Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 and 20.95 percentage of dry air by volume respectively.
Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP 2
Materials Engineering
Types of Materials:
Metallic Materials
- Composed of one or more metallic elements. Example: Iron, Copper, Aluminum.- Metallic element may combine with nonmetallic Example: Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide.
elements.
insulators.
Ceramic Materials
High hardness, strength and wear resistance. Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining for heat treating and melting metals. Other applications : Abrasives, construction materials, utensils etc. Example: Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride.
Composite Materials
Mixture of two or more materials. Consists of a filler material and a binding material. Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other. Examples : Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix). Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforce in cement and sand). Applications : Aircraft wings and engine, construction.
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Electronic Materials
Not Major by volume but very important. Silicon is a common electronic material. Its electrical characteristics are changed by adding impurities. Examples: Applications : Silicon chips, transistors Computers, Integrated Circuits, Sattelites etc.
Nucleus
Diameter : 10 m Accounts for almost all mass Positive Charge
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Electron Cloud
Mass : 9.109 x 10 28 g Charge : -1.602 x 10 9 C Accounts for all volume
Proton
Mass : 1.673 x 10 24 g Charge : 1.602 x 10 19 C
Neutron
Mass : 1.675 x 10 24 g Neutral Charge
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Neutron
Nucleon
Proton
+ Electrons move around the nucleus
Electron
Shell @ Orbital @ Energy level Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP 9
1) ATOMIC NUMBER
2) ATOMIC MASS
SYMBOL
ATOMIC MASS , A =
no. of protons (Z) + number of neutrons (N)
The element helium has the atomic number 2, is represented by the symbol He, its atomic mass is 4 and its name is helium.
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12 Grams Of Carbon
Periodic Table
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ISOTOPES
Atoms which have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Atoms which have the same atomic number but different mass number. Eg : Hydrogen has 3 isotopes.
Different mass number
1 1H
Natural Isotope Hydrogen 1 (hydrogen)
2 1H
Proton 1
(D)
Mass number 1 0
3 1H
(T)
Hydrogen 2 (deuterium)
Hydrogen 3 (tritium)
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The Pauli principle can be used to show the maximum number of electron permitted in any sub-shells. Electron capacity = 2n2
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Based on the Aufbau principle, which assumes that electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.
SubNo. of shells electrons s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2, 4d10, 5p6, 6s2, 4f14, 5d10, 6p6, 7s2, 5f14, 6d10, 7p6
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The number of available electron states in some of the electrons shells and sub-shells.
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ATOMIC BONDING
Chemical bonding between atoms occurs since there is a lower potential energy of atoms to achieve more stability arrangements than they exist as an individual atoms. Chemical bonds can be divided into 2 categories : 1) Primary Inter-atomic Bonding: Metallic, Ionic and Covalent 2) Secondary Atomic Bonding Van der Waals
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a)
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is due to electrostatic force of attraction between cations (+ ve charge) and anions (- ve charge). Ionic bonds are nondirectional. It can form between metallic and nonmetallic elements. Electrons are transferred from electropositive to electronegative atoms.
Electropositive Electronegative Electron Element Atom Transfer
Electrostatic Attraction
IONIC BOND
Chlorine Ion Cl -
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b)
Covalent Bonding
Large interatomic forces are created by the sharing of electrons to form directional bonds. In Covalent bonding, outer s and p electrons are shared between two atoms to obtain noble gas configuration. Takes place between elements with small differences in electronegativity and close by in periodic table. In Hydrogen, a bond is formed between 2 atoms by sharing their 1s1 electrons Electron Overlapping
Pair Electron Clouds
H +H
1s1 Electrons
H H
Hydrogen Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP Molecule
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F + F
F F
F F
Bond Energy=160KJ/mol
O + O
O=O
Bond Energy=28KJ/mol
HH
Bond
22 Energy=54KJ/mol
C C C C
C
Structure of Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP Simplified Notations Benzene 23
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c)
Metallic Bonding
Atoms in metals are closely packed in crystal structure. Loosely bounded valence electrons are attracted towards nucleus of other atoms. Electrons spread out among atoms forming electron clouds. These free electrons are reason for electric Positive Ion (ion cores) conductivity and ductility. Since outer electrons are shared by many atoms, metallic bonds are Non-directional bonding. The electron cloud act as glue to hold the ion cores together.
Higher the number of valence electrons involved, higher is the bonding energy. Example:- Ca Bonding energy 177KJ/mol,
Melting temperature 851oC
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Occur when there is no exchanging @ sharing of electrons, eg : inert gases. The atom behaves like a dipole.
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Characteristic of BONDING
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Crystal Structures
Atoms, molecules, or ions are arranged in repetitive 3-D pattern, in long range order (LRO) give rise to crystal structure. Properties of solids depends upon crystal structure and bonding force. Generally, fluid substances form crystals when they undergo a process of solidification. Under ideal conditions, the result may be a single crystal, where all of the atoms in the solid fit into the same lattice. However, many crystals form simultaneously during solidification, leading to a polycrystalline solid.
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STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
Amorphous
Crystal
Turbine blades
Polycrystalline
Completely ordered In segments
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Space Lattice
Unit Cell
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Face centered
Tetragonal
a =b c
= = = 900
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Body Centered 32
Simple
Rhombohedral
a =b = c
= = 900
Simple
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= = = 900
Simple
Monoclinic
a b c
= = = 900
Simple
Base Centered
Triclinic
a b c
= = = 900
Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP
Simple
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4R 3
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Each unit cell has eight 1/8 atom at corners and six atoms at the center of six faces. Therefore each unit cell has
(8 x 1/8)+ (6 x ) = 4 atoms
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DENSITY, r
Density of metal =
rv
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Example: Copper (FCC) has atomic mass of 63.54 g/mol and atomic radius of 0.1278 nm. Determine: a) the density of copper. b) the APF of copper.
a=
4R
=
4 0.1278nm
rv
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Short Transverse
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Miller Indices
Miller Indices are used to refer to specific lattice planes of atoms in a crystal. Why Miller indices is important? To determine the shapes of single crystals, the interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns and the movement of a dislocation , which may determine the mechanical properties of the material. Miller Indices
M. I of a DIRECTION
M. I of a PLANE
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ii) These three numbers are expressed as the smallest integers. iii) Place a bar over the Negative indices and enclose with square parentheses
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1/3
]
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Enclose in round parenthesis Eg: crystal plane for x, y and z axes (111).
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0 1 (1 0 1) Y Z
z
)
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x
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Exercise: Determine the Miller Indices plane for the following figure below?
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Quiz # 1 03/08/2009 a) Plane A intersects with x-axis and y-axis at and 1/3 respectively. It is also parallel to the z-axis. Determine the Miller Indices and sketch plane A in a cubic unit cell to support the answer. b) Determine the direction Indices for vector Q in figure below.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Physical properties are properties that can be recorded without changing the identity of the substance such as solubility in water, volume, length, colour, odour, melting point, mass, etc. Example: Metals have relatively high melting points and remain in the liquid state over a wide temp. range. Metals conduct electricity and heat. Metals are usually shiny when polished.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Generally, the common mechanical properties of metals are as follows: Toughness - the ability to resist / withstand repeated bending. Ductility a property of material which can be easily drawn into wires Brittle a property of material which easily breaks when subjected to impacts. Hardness - resistance to scratching or indentation. Elasticity - ability to return to its original shape. Plasticity - does not return to its original shape.
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A stressstrain curve is a graph derived from measuring load (stress ) versus extension (strain ) for a sample of a material tested using tensile machine. Typical regions that can be observed in a stress-strain curve are: Elastic region, Yielding, Strain Hardening, Necking &Failure
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
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HARDNESS
Hardness is defined as a measure of the resistance of a material to permanent deformation (plastic deformation). The hardness of a material is measured by forcing an indenter into its surface. The indenter can be either a ball, pyramid or cone type which is made of a material much harder than the material being tested such as hardened steel, tungsten carbide or diamond.
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Applications Measure the hardness of small specimen, very hard brittle materials (ceramic), very thin sections and small elongated areas.
Vickers (HV)
Measure the hardness of small specimen, thin materials and small rounded areas. More sensitive to measurement errors than Knoop test Less sensitive to surface conditions than Knoop test
Steel parts.
Brinell (HB)
Rockwell (HR)
Hardness-Depth of penetration.
An initial minor load (10kg) followed by a larger major load (60, 100 or 150 kg)
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Bertauliah. Pelajar akan ditempatkan di Kampus Golden Hope Academy, Carey Island, Banting Selangor Syarat Permohonan: D.E. Keterangan Lanjut: Terbuka kepada semua pelajar semester 4 Cara Permohonan: En. Juri Saedon EM 110 UiTM Sila dapatkan borang Tel: 03 5543 5167 permohonan 03 Pejabat FKM, P.P CGPA 2.50 dan keatas dengan lulus semua Fax: di 5543 5160 Tarikh tutup permohonan: E-mail: juri41@yahoo.com Rasdi Deraman, FKM UiTM NPP kursus sehingga semester 4. 16 Feb 2007
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