5.

2 LIQUIDS
1
O
Properties of liquids
O
Explain :
- vaporisation process
- condensation process
O
Define vapour pressure and boiling point
Relate :
- intermolecular forces to vapour
pressure
- vapour pressure to boiling point
Based on Kinetic
Molecular Theory
& Intermolecular
Forces
Objective:
2
Comparison of Gas, Liquids & Solids
Comparison of Gas, Liquids & Solids
3
properties of Liquids
properties of Liquids
1. Shape

NO


definite shape
definite shape
.
.

Takes the shape of the container.

The intermolecular forces are NOT

strong enough to hold the particles
rigidly in place.

Molecules can slide past each other.

thus, a
liquid flows to fit the shape
liquid flows to fit the shape of its
container.
4
2. Volume

has a
definite volume
definite volume .

intermolecular forces are strong enough

to control the movement of liquid
molecules.

thus, a
liquid
liquid is
confined to a certain
confined to a certain
volume
volume
5
3. Compressibility
3. Compressibility

Incompressible.

The molecules are packed closely

together

there are very little empty spaces

6
4. Diffusion
4. Diffusion

Can flow readily but slower than

gas
gas

Liquid molecules are arranged more

closely than gas

lower kinetic energy

lower kinetic energy than gases

stronger intermolecular attractive forces

stronger intermolecular attractive forces
restrict liquid to diffuse.
7
Surface Tension
Surface Tension
Water beads on nonwaxed and waxed surface

Is a phenomenon that arises due to the inward pull

on the molecules at the surface.

Is a phenomenon that arises due to the inward pull

on the molecules at the surface.
8
Surface Tension,
Intermolecular forces

Molecules within a liquid are

pulled by intermolecular forces
EQUALLY in all directions.
However, molecules at the
surface are pulled downwards and
sideways by other molecules BUT
NOT UPWARD away from the
surface.

UNBALANCED
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

pull the molecules INTO the

liquid and cause the surface to
TIGHTEN like an ELASTIC FILM.

The stronger the intermolecular stronger the intermolecular forces,

the higher the surface tension higher the surface tension

The stronger the intermolecular stronger the intermolecular forces,

the higher the surface tension higher the surface tension
9

Decreases with increase in temperature.

Decreases with increase in temperature.


- Kinetic energy of molecules increases
- Kinetic energy of molecules increases


- Molecules move faster
- Molecules move faster


- Intermolecular forces weaken
- Intermolecular forces weaken
Surface Tension
Surface Tension
10
6. Viscosity
6. Viscosity

is a measure of the
liquids
resistance
resistance
to
to
flow
flow

the
greater the
greater the
viscosity
viscosity, the

slower
slower
it flows.
it flows.
11

The intermolecular forces create an

internal friction (cohesive forces) that
restrict the liquid to flow freely.

Bigger size or molecular mass higher

viscosity

Stronger intermolecular forces higher

viscosity

Temperature increases viscosity

decreases
Viscosity
Viscosity
12
Vaporisation
Vaporisation

a process in which
liquid changes to gas
liquid changes to gas

molecules move more freely

some molecules at the surface have

higher kinetic energies
13
Vaporisation
Vaporisation

the molecules will

leave as vapour
when the kinetic
energy is sufficient
GREATER than the
intermolecular
forces.
( vaporisation)
vaporisation
14
CONDENSATION
CONDENSATION

The vapour molecules

lose energy during
collisions

Return or trapped back

to the liquid
(condensation)
condensation
15
VAPOUR PRESSURE
VAPOUR PRESSURE
The vapour molecules collide
each other and with the walls
of container and thereby
exerts pressure.
16
When the rate of evaporation and
condensation become equal, a
state of dynamic equilibrium is
reached.
The pressure exerted at this state
is called equilibrium vapour
pressure of the liquid.
The term vapour pressure of liquid
is normally referred as equilibrium
vapour pressure.
17

The vapour pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by

the vapour molecules above the surface of the liquid when
it is in dynamic equilibrium with a liquid at a constant
temperature.

Vapour pressure is independent of volume or surface

area of liquid as long there is some liquid present.

Factors affecting vapour pressure:

+
Strength/type of attractive forces between liquid molecules
+
temperature
+
molecular mass
+
size of liquid molecules
VAPOUR PRESSURE
VAPOUR PRESSURE
18
When a liquid evaporates, its gaseous molecules exert a
vapour pressure.
vacuum
Vapour pressure is measured
when a dynamic equilibrium
exist between condensation
and vaporisation.
19
Vapour pressure increases with temperature.
TEMPERATURE
200 K
300 K
400 K
20
Vapour pressure increases with temperature.
TEMPERATURE
200 K
300 K
400 K
LOW TEMPERATURE LOW VAPOUR PRESSURE
21
Vapour pressure increases with temperature.
TEMPERATURE
200 K
300 K
400 K
HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH VAPOUR PRESSURE
22
evaporation
boiling
O
The change of state
of a liquid into a liquid into a
vapour vapour occuring at the at the
surface surface of a liquid at at
any temperatures and any temperatures and
pressures pressures
O
The change of state of a
liquid into a vapour liquid into a vapour occuring at
the surface and on the inner inner
part of the liquid part of the liquid at a certain certain
temperature temperature of which the
vapour pressure is equal to the equal to the
atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure
O

Vaporisation
23
Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the
temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
liquid equals the external atmospheric pressure.

Boiling occurs at a specific T and P

T remains constant even though heat is still

supplied.
Normal boiling point is the temperature at which a
liquid boils when the external pressure is 1 atm.
BOILING
BOILING
24

Increase in vapour
pressure with temperature
Vapour pressure curve
Normal
boiling point
25
Factors affecting rate of evaporation:
Surface area

Evaporation is easier when the surface area

is bigger.

Bigger chance to escape from the surface.

26
Temperature

At higher T, average E
k
of molecules increases

Easier to overcome the intermolecular forces

More molecules escape as vapour

Rate of evaporation increases
Intermolecular attractive forces

Weak intermolecular forces, easier to escape from

the surface (more volatile).
27
Size or molecular mass

The bigger the size, the bigger is the

molecular mass.

The stronger the intermolecular forces

Molecules difficult to escape from surface

Rate of evaporation decreases.

28
i) Purity
The boiling point of a liquid is elevated(increased)
in the presence of impurities.
ii) Atmospheric Pressure
The higher the atmospheric pressure, the higher
the boiling point of a liquid. More heat is needed
so that the molecules have more kinetic energy
to vaporise and to reach vapour pressure equal to
external atmospheric pressure.

Factors affecting boiling point
29
iii) Intermolecular forces

Liquids with stronger intermolecular

attraction forces will have lower vapour
pressure and higher boiling points.

More energy is needed to overcome the

intermolecular attractive forces to vaporise
and to reach vapour pressure equal to the
external atmospheric pressure.
Factors affecting boiling point
30
Relationship between intermolecular force,
vapour pressure and boiling point

If the intermolecular attractive forces are weak,

the liquid molecules can vapourise easily.

Therefore, the vapour pressure is high.

less energy is needed for its vapour to achieve the

external atmospheric pressure.

boiling point is lower.

31
32
OBJECTIVES
1) Properties of solids
2) Describe phase change
3) Types of crystalline solids
33

particles are
arranged very closely
arranged very closely
together, little empty spaces

has
strong forces
strong forces between the particles

particles can
only
only
vibrate and rotate
vibrate and rotate
about fixed position, cannot move freely

has definite shape and volume

has high densities

are incompressible
Properties of Solid
Properties of Solid
34
gas
liquid
solid
35

particles = atoms/ions/molecules

Interparticle forces NOT intermolecular

forces
36
PHASE CHANGE
solid gas
liquid
m
e
l
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
e
z
i
n
g
sublimation
deposition
v
a
p
o
r
i
s
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
d
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
37

when a liquid is cooled:

kinetic energy of liquid particles

decreases

the liquid particles vibrate at a

slower rate

the liquid particles move closer to

each other

at its freezing point, the

interparticle forces
are strong enough to hold the
particles together in
a fixed and orderly arrangement

the liquid freezes

Freezing (Solidification)
Freezing (Solidification)
Liquid solid
38

When a solid substance is heated :

kinetic energy of solid particles increases

particles vibrate more quickly and energetically

at its melting point, particles have enough energy

to overcome the interparticle forces
OR the vibrations disrupt the orderly solid structure.

particles slip past one another, solid loses its

definite shape and converted to liquid.

the solid melts

Melting (FusION)
Melting (FusION)
solid liquid
39

When a solid substance is heated :

kinetic energy of solid particles increases

abruptly

particles vibrate very vigorously that they

straight away change to the disorder
arrangement of gas

the solid sublimes to gas without

going through liquid phase
Sublimation
Sublimation
solid gas
40
Deposition

If a gas is supercooled,

kinetic energy of gas particles decreases

abruptly

particles move very closely to each other

and straight away change to the orderly
arrangement of solid

the gas changes to solid

without go through the liquid
phase
gas solid
41
Types of solid:
Amorphous and Crystalline solids
42
Yellow P
Red P
43
amorphous solid crystalline solid
E
No regular 3-D
arrangement of
particles
E
formed when a
saturated liquid is
cooled rapidly
cooled rapidly
E
example :
E
glass
E
plastic material
E
charcoal
E
rubber
E
atoms, ions or
molecules are occupy
specific positions
E
formed when a
saturated liquid is
cooled slowly
cooled slowly
E
example :
E
ice,
E
sugar,
E
salt
44
SOLID
METALLIC
SOLID
(Na, Gold)
GIANT COVALENT
SOLID
(Diamond, Graphite)
MOLECULAR
COVALENT
SOLID
(Solid CO
2
)
IONIC SOLID
(NaCl,CsCl)
TYPES OF
CRYSTALLINE
SOLID
45

molecular covalent solids

molecular covalent solids
E
composed of
molecules
molecules/atoms held
together by
van der Waals forces
van der Waals forces
E
examples : P
4
, S
8
, iodine, dry ice(Solid
CO
2
),
Types of Crystalline Solid
Types of Crystalline Solid
SULPHUR
46

giant
giant
covalent solids
covalent solids
E
very
large atoms/molecules
large atoms/molecules
E
composed of atoms linked together
by a network of
covalent bonds
covalent bonds
E
examples : diamond, graphite,
quartz(SiO
2
)
47
graphi te
48
Fig. 2.15b, p.84
di amond
49
GIANT COVALENT SOLID
GIANT COVALENT SOLID
Diamond Diamond
Graphite Graphite
Quartz, SiO Quartz, SiO
2 2
50

ionic solids
ionic solids
E
consist of ions (cation & anion) held
together by
ionic bonds/ electrostatic
ionic bonds/ electrostatic
forces
forces
E
example : NaCl , KI
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Na
+
Cl
-
Arrangement of
ions
51
IONIC SOLIDS
Azurite, a copper
carbonate
Iron pyrite, a sulphide
Orpiment,
arsenic sulphide
Potasi um
ni trate crystal
52

metallic solids
metallic solids
E
close packed structure
E
composed of
atoms of the same metal
atoms of the same metal
linked
together by
metallic bond
metallic bond
E
examples : all metallic elements : Na,
Mg, Fe
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
53
54
55