PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING REPORT

Assignment 3 PHYSIOLOGY (SBF 3013) Theme: Case Study A Case In Homeostasis: The 2000-Meter Row
Name
Norharyan Erdayu Binti Sahar Salmiza Binti Zainal Abidin Nor Awaathif Binti Mohd Ghazali Lee
Matrix No D20091035078 D20091035074 D20091035070

Stretching And Warm Up

Heart Beats Increased At The Start

Body Temperature 37C

Mouth Dry Sweating even air was cool

Well Hydrated

One Minute In
Heart Rate 201 beats per minute Breathing Rate 78 times per minute Body temperature 37.5C More sweating than before

Heart Rate 180 bpm

Keeping The Power Up

At The Halfway Mark

Breathing rates decreasing

Body temperature 38C

At The Finish
Heart Rate 208 beats per minute Breathing Rate 80 times per minute

Feel like couldnt get enough air

Extremely sweating Body Temperature - 40C

BACK AT THE DOCK

Heart Rate And Respiratory Rate became Normal

Thirsty and Drained. Only take a sip Of water.

Weight Decreased to 76 kg

At The Start

One Minute In

At The Halfway Mark

Less production of adrenaline Slowing down the demands of the muscles Cooling down Prepared to sprint

At The Finish

Back At The Dock

Parasympathetic nervous systemactive

When human in stress and nervous, Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate increased. Activation of the sympathetic division inhibits digestion and urination. Jimmys blood glucose is high. Excessive sweating caused him to be dehydrated.

Increasing ATP Muscle cells convert ATP to mechanical energy ATP used for muscle contraction Lack of oxygen Anaerobic respiration (lactate fermentation) Salt-water balance

Repaid oxygen debt Body temperature increased Decreasing it by sweating until it body reached the normal temperature Glucose levels decrease pH is acidic Lactate levels increased Temperature increased

Blood vessels dilate, more blood flow

Rest Dehydration Burning calories Use lot of energy due to anaerobic exercise

Increased ADH
Muscles cramp Water intoxication Causing fatal

LEARNING ISSUES & SOLUTIONS

AT THE START What is responsible for raising Jimmys heart and respiratory and stimulating sweating just before the race? Before the race, Jimmy felt stressful and nervous. This caused his heart rate and respiratory rate increased. This is due to the breathing center responses to a variety of nervous and chemical signals and adjusts the rate and depth of breathing to make changing demand of the body.

2.

Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race?
Activation of sympathetic division correlates with arousal and energy generation causing the heart beat faster, the liver convert glycogen to glucose, bronchi of the lungs dilate and support increased gas exchange, digestion inhibited and secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is stimulated.

3.

What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary system at this time?
Activation of sympathetic division inhibits digestion and urination in order to maintain the internal fluid in Jimmys body. Thus, Jimmy is sweating.

4.

Why is happening to Jimmys blood glucose levels just before the race? Jimmys blood glucose level is high because when in stress condition hormone adrenalin is produced and acraadrenela is release by the ending of sympathetic neuron. This will stimulate glucogenelysis to increase the supply of glucose to cell.

5.

Why is Jimmys mouth dry?

Jimmys mouth dried because he was dehydrated. This is because the solute concentration in extracellular fluid increases that is, tissue fluid become hypertonic to cells, and water leaves the cells. Besides, there was no replacement of the water loss.

ONE MINUTE IN 1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmys body. What are these new demands and how does the body respond to them?

Jimmy required lot of energy for rowing at full speed. So to increase the ATP, he must increase his respiratory rate because lot of oxygen required in producing ATP in order to supply the ATP for the cell muscle. 2. What changes in Jimmys muscles promote unloading oxygen from hemoglobin for used by the muscle cells?
Oxygen from hemoglobin used for aerobic respiration in order to generate ATP that will be used in muscles contraction.

3.

Why do Jimmys muscles feel like they are burning?

Anaerobic respiration (lactate fermentation) occurred in his muscle during strainuous exercise when the oxygen level in the muscle limited due to the rate of consumption exceeding the rate of supply. Lactate accumulation in the muscles caused Jimmys muscle fatigue and cramping.

4.

What conflict is produced between Jimmys need to keep his body cool and his need remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict? In order to make the conflict easier by making sure he was well hydrated prior to the race and stayed calm and relaxed. The reason is to keep his heart and respiratory rate down. In order for him to cool his body the temperature receptor in the skin will send the heat and the sensory information to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus stimulates sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat. Sweating is a process of cooling down the temperature of the body.

AT THE HALFWAY MARK

1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are making. How has he done this? And why has he done this? He used to change his mind from stressful to a positive thinking by stayed calm and relaxed. This will cause his respiratory and heart rate to slightly decreasing. The reason he did this is to restore the energy to sprint at the right moment. 2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result?

Now Jimmy is ready for sprint. He managed to increase the number of strokes from 34 strokes to 39 strokes.

AT THE FINISH

1.

Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? Even Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest, his heart and breathing rates still so high because the additional oxygen must be taken into the body after exercise to restore all system to the normal state. This is called oxygen debt.

2.

Why is he sweating more now than during the race? He is sweating more because when more sweat produced, the water in sweat evaporates which requires energy and thus carries away heat to reduce the body temperature.

3.

What changes have occurred to his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels and temperature. The work of the muscles caused an increase in blood flow to the muscles. As a result of increase in activity in the muscles, there is a reduction in the amount of blood glucose as it is converted to energy. Carbon dioxide level in the blood will increase as it is produced with the use of glucose. The pH of the blood will drop to acidic due to the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. When the more lactic acid are accumulated in the body, the more heat produces which causes the temperature increases. The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase as the end product of glucose and glycogen metabolism.

BACK AT THE DOCK

1. What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmys heart and respiratory rates to come down?

Parasympathetic division stimulates digestion, urination and defecation. It also counteracts the effects of the sympathetic division by slowing down heart beat rate, lowering blood pressure and slowing the breathing rate.
2. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race? At this time, Jimmys oxygen is reducing. So in order to supply energy to Jimmys body, the fat had been burned. Besides, he was having excessive sweating causing too much water loss from his body. This will cause the decreasing in Jimmys body weight.

3.

What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system?
When excessive water loss experienced on Jimmy, his blood will become more concentrated in response to increase blood osmolarity, the hypothalamus will produce ADH which is then released from the posterior pituitary. More water is reabsorbed into the blood, blood volume and blood pressure rise and less urine is formed.

4.

Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank as much as he wanted to? Jimmy only takes sips of water because he wants to avoid water intoxication. Water intoxication is due to excessive consumption of pure water. The tissue fluid becomes hypertonic to the cells and water enters the cells. This can lead to the pulmonary edema and swelling in the brain. In extreme cases, it is fatal.

ACTION

BOOKS
Campbell, Reece, International Edition Biology Sixth Edition, Benjamin Cummings, 2002. Wingerd, The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy And Physiology, Sannders College Publishing, 1994. Vonder, Sherman Luciano, Human Physiology The Mechanism of Body Function Seventh Edition, Mc. Graw-Hill, 1998. Hartwing, Fundamental Anatomy, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams And Wilkins, 2008. Jack H. Wilmore, David K. Costill, W. Lorry Kenney, Physiology of Sport and Exercise 4th Edition, Human Kinetics, 2008. Austin B. Cisneros, Bryan L. coins, Body Temperature Regulation, Nova, 2009.

INTERNET
*http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/c hapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.html *http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/32/Urinary-system.html

*http://www.biog11051106.org/demos/105/unit10/muscles.html
*http://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervoussystem *http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response