Basic Block Diagram of Op-Amp

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided in to four main blocks

1. An Input Stage or Input Diff. Amp.
2. The Gain Stage
3. The Level Translator
4. An Out put Stage
Note: It can be used to perform various mathematical operations such
as Addition, Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation, log etc.
Input Stage
(Diff. Amp.)
Gain Stage
(C E Amp.)
Level
Shifter
Out put
Stage
(Buffer)
V
1
V
2
V
O
Op-Amp IC
I/P
An IDEAL OP AMP
An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:
1. Infinite open-loop voltage gain, A
V
.
2. Infinite input resistance, R
i
.
3. Zero output resistance, R
o
0.
4. Infinite CMRR, =
5. The output voltage Vo=0; when V
d
= V
2
-V
1
= 0
6. Change of output with respect to input, slew rate =
7. Change in out put voltage with Temp., V
o
/V
i
=0

An Electrical Representation of Op Amp.
i
(+)
, i
(-)
: Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and non-inverting lines
respectively
v
id
: The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
+V
S
, -V
S
: DC source voltages, usually +15V and 15V
R
i
: The input resistance, ideally infinity
A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x10
10
range.
R
O
: The output resistance, ideally zero
v
O
: The output voltage; v
O
= A
OL
v
id
where A
OL
is the open-loop voltage gain
The Operational Amplifier
+V
S
-V
S
v
id
Inverting
Noninverting
Output
+

_

i
(-)
i
(+)
v
O
= A
d
V
id
R
O
A
R
i
An operational amplifier circuit is designed so that
1) V
out
= A
v
(V
1
-V
2
) (A
v
is a very large gain)
2) Input resistance (R
in
) is very large
3) Output resistance (R
out
) is very low
Operational Amplifier Model
V
1
V
2
V
out
R
in
+
-
R
out
A
v
(V
1
- V
2
)

Practical Op-Amp Circuits

These Op-amp circuits are commonly used:
Inverting Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier
Unity Follower
Summing Amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator

Slide 7
Inverting Op-Amp
V1
R1
Rf
Vo

=
Notice the output formula is similar to Inverting Amplifier, but they are not the same.
Noninverting Amplifier
V1 )
R1
Rf
1 ( Vo + =
Summing Amplifier
Because the op-amp has a high input impedance the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = 3
3
f
2
2
f
1
1
f
V
R
R
V
R
R
V
R
R
Vo
Summing Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier: Input and
Output Resistances


R
in
=
v
s
i
s
=R
1
since v

=0
1 1
i
2 2
i
o
v R R + =
But i
1
=i
2
)
1 2
(
1
i v R R o + =
Since v
-
= 0, i
1
=0. Therefore v
o
= 0 irrespective of the value of i
o
.
0 =
out
R
R
out
is found by applying a test current
(or voltage) source to the amplifier
output and determining the voltage (or
current) after turning off all
independent sources. Hence, v
s
= 0
Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp
v v
+
=
1
1
1
v v
i
R

=
I/P Current to op amp is zero
0
1
2
v v
i
R

=
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v

1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2
2
1 2
R
v v
R R
+
=
+
0 1
1 2
v v v v
R R
+ +

=
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp
+
-
1
R
2
R
1
v
o
v
v
+
v

1
i
1
i
2
v
1
R
2
R
2 2
1 2 2 0
1 2 1 2
1 2
R R
v v v v
R R R R
R R

+ +
=
( )
2
2 2 2
0 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
R R R
v v v v
R R R R R R
= + +
+ +
2 2 2
0 1 2
1 1 2 1
1
R R R
v v v
R R R R
| |
= + +
|
+
\ .
( )
2
0 2 1
1
R
v v v
R
=
The Unity-Gain Amplifier or Buffer
This is a special case of the non-inverting amplifier, which is also
called a voltage follower, with infinite R
1
and zero R
2
.
Hence A
v
= 1.
It provides an excellent electrical isolation while maintaining the
signal voltage level.
The ideal buffer requires no input current and can drive any
desired load resistance without loss of signal voltage.
Such a buffer is used in many sensor and data acquisition system
applications.
1
o
F
i
v
A
v
= =
i o
v v v v
+
= = =
+
-
o
v
v
+
v

i
v
o
F
i
v
A
v
=
i o
v v v v
+
= = =
Closed-loop voltage gain
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance (resistance) to
a low output impedance. Can provide substantial current gain.
Unity-Gain Buffer
Op-Amp Integrator
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground
dt
dv
C i
o
2
=
R
v
i
in
1
=
Applying KCL at the inverting input
i
1
+i
2
= 0
0
R
v
dt
dv
C
in o
= +
) initial ( v dt v
RC
1
v
o in o
}
+ =
Op-Amp Integrator Cont
Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
dt
dv
C i
in
1
=
R
v
i
o
2
=
i
1
+i
2
= 0
0
R
v
dt
dv
C
o in
= +
dt
dv
RC v
in
o
=
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground
Applying KCL at the inverting input
Differentiators are avoided in practice as they amplify noise
Op-Amp Differentiator Cont
Instrumentation Amplifier
Combines 2 non-inverting amplifiers
with the difference amplifier to provide
higher gain and higher input
resistance.
Gain can be varied by varying single
resistor R1
)
b
v
a
(v
3
4
v =
R
R
o
b
v
2
i )
1
i(2
2
i
a
v = R R R
1
2
2
v
1
v
i
R

=
)
2
v
1
(v
1
2
1
3
4
v + =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
R
R
R
R
o
NOTE
Ideal input resistance is infinite
because input current to both op
amps is zero. The CMRR is
determined only by Op Amp 3.
Finite Open-loop Gain and Gain Error
2 1
1
o
v
o
v
2 1
1
1
v
R R
R
R R
R
+
=
=
+
=
|
|
is called the
feedback factor.
|
|
A
A
v
A
A A A
+
= =
= = =
1
s
v
o
v
)
o
v
s
v ( )
1
v
s
v (
id
v
o
v


A
v
~
1
|
=1+
R
2
R
1
This is the ideal voltage gain
of the amplifier. If A| is not
>>1, there will be Gain Error.
Gain Error is given by
GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
For the non-inverting amplifier,

Gain error is also expressed as a
fractional or percentage error.

) 1 (
1
1
1
| | | | A A
A
GE
+
=
+
=


FGE=
1
|

A
1+A|
1
|
=
1
1+A|
~
1
A|
PGE~
1
A|
100%


i
o
=
5V
500O
=10mA
)
2 1
(
o
v
1 2
o
v
o
v
F
i
L
i
o
i
R R
L
R
EQ
R
EQ
R R R
L
R
+ =
=
+
+ = + =
For the inverting amplifier,
2
R
L
R
EQ
R =
Practical op amps have limited
output voltage and current ranges.
Voltage: Usually limited to a few
volts less than power supply span.
Current: Limited by additional circuits
(to limit power dissipation or protect
against accidental short circuits).
The current limit is frequently
specified in terms of the minimum
load resistance that the amplifier can
drive with a given output voltage
swing. Eg:

Output Voltage and Current Limits
Bistable