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Secondary Storage
Input
Data
Primary Storage
Output
Resu
Control Unit
ALU
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Input Unit
Data and Instructions must enter a computer system before any computation on the data. The input unit that links a compute with its external environment perform this task. Input Interface transform input into binary codes. Input Interface performs following functions: 1. It accepts instruction and data from outside 2. It converts the data and instructions in binary form 3. It supplies converted instructions to computer system.
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Output Unit
An output unit supplies information to user. A computer work with binary codes, results produced are also in binary form. Therefore before supplying the results to user the output interface must convert them to high language. It accepts the results produced by a computer It converts these coded results into readable form It supplies the converted results to the user
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Storage Unit
Data and instructions have to be saved into the computer before actual processing starts. Storage unit provides the space for storing 1. Data and Instructions required for processing 2. Intermediate results of processing 3. Results for output
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Control Unit
1. How does an input device know that it is time for storing data into storage unit? 2. How does the ALU know what should be done with the data? 3. How it is that only results for output are sent to an output device not the intermediate results? All this is possible due to the control unit of the computer system. It manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It takes instructions, interprets the instructions and issues the signals for other units of the system to execute them.
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Classification Of Computers
General Purpose Computers come in many sizes and capabilities. Traditionally Computers were classified by their size, processing speed and cost. Based on these factors, computers were classified as Microcomputers, Minicomputers, Mainframes and Supercomputers. However with changing technology new models of computers are introduced having much higher performance and costing less than their preceding models. Today computers are classified based on their mode of use i.e. Notebook, Personal computer, Workstations, Mainframes and Client & Server computers and Handled Computers.
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PERSONAL COMPUTERS
A PC is a non portable general purpose computer that fits on a table and is used by one person at a time. Users use PC for his personal computing needs. System configuration of PC varies depending on the users. The most commonly used configuration is a monitor, keyboard and mouse, hard disc storage, floppy disc drive, CD or DVD drive, any special add on cards and ports for connecting peripheral devices.
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WORK STATIONS
A workstation is a desktop computer designed to meet the needs of engineers, architects, and other professionals who need greater processing power, larger storage and better graphic display than PC. For e.g.: Workstations are used for CAD, simulation of complex scientific and engineering problems, visualization of results of simulation and multimedia applications. Processing power of a workstation is more than that of PC. Workstations have larger main memory(GB) as compared to PC(MB). Most workstations have a large screen monitor capable of displaying high resolution graphics. Workstations use CPUs based on RISC technology. Workstations run the UNIX operating system or Solaris operating system.
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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
Mainframe systems are used for handling data for mid or large sized organizations such as banks, hospitals, railways, insurance companies etc. that need online processing of large number of transactions and require computer system having large data storage and processing capabilities. Mainframe systems are used in such environments where large number of users need to share a common computing facility. Mainframe system is located in a central location with several user terminals.
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
Supercomputers are expensive computers. They are used for processing complex scientific applications i.e. 1. Petroleum industry uses supercomputers to analyze volume of seismic data gathering during oil seeking explorations to identify areas where there is possibility of getting petroleum products inside the earth. 2. Automobile industry uses supercomputers to do crash simulation of an automobile before it is released for manufacturing.
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SUPERCOMPUTERS
Supercomputers use multi processing and parallel processing to solve complex problems faster because they use multiple processors. A parallel program is written in a manner to break up an original problem into smaller modules that can be allocated to different processor and multiple processor can work independently to solve it. Supercomputers support multiprogramming allowing simultaneous access by multiple users.
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HANDHELD COMPUTERS
A handheld computer is a small computing device that can be used by holding in hand. Its size, weight and design are such that it can be used comfortably by holding in hand. It is also known as palmtop because it can be kept on the palm. Some handled computers are tablet PC, PDA/Pocket PC and Smartphone.
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PDA/POCKET PC
Personal Digital Assistant was initially introduced as Personal Information Manager device. PIM include contact list, calendar task, e-mail, pocket word-processing, pocket spreadsheet application etc. PDA has the LCD screen with a pen for handwriting recognition. With add-on memory cards its storage can be increased. Some PDA also provide USB port to connect external devices. Newer PDAs also pack network capability using WiFi, Bluetooth etc.
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SMARTPHONE
Smart phone is a fully functional mobile phone with computing power. The difference between a PDA and Smart phone is a computing platform like PC with optional phone capability.
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COMPUTER GENERATIONS
Generation provides a framework for the growth of computer industry. Originally the term Generation was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies but it has now been extended to include both hardware and software that together make up a computer system. The custom of referring to computer era in terms of generations came into wide use only after 1964.
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FIRST GENERATION(1942-1955)
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC I and IBM 701 use thousands of vacuum tubes. A vacuum tube was a glass device which used filaments as a source of electronics and could control and amplify electronic signals. It was the high speed electronic switching device available in those days. These vacuum tube computers could perform computations in milliseconds. The memory of these computers used electromagnetic relays and all data and instructions were fed into the system from punched cards. The instructions were written in assembly languages.
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FEATURES
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They were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They were too bulky & large in size. They used thousands of vacuum tubes that emitted large amount of heat. Vacuum Tubes used filaments they had a limited life. These computers required constant maintenance. In these computers thousands of individual components were assembled manually by hand into electronic circuits. These computers were difficult and costly. These computers were difficult to program and use, they had limited commercial use.
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SECOND GENERATION(1955-1964)
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain invented a new electronic switching device called transistor. Transistors proved to be a better electronic switching device than vacuum tubes. The second generation computers were manufactured using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. These computers were more powerful, more reliable, less expensive, smaller and cooler to operate than the first generation computers. They used magnetic cores for main memory and magnetic disk and tape for secondary storage. Punched cards were used for preparing program and data to these computers.
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High Level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL and SNOBOL and batch operating system introduced during 2nd generation. High level languages were easier to user to understand. Batch operating system enabled multiple jobs to be together and submitted at a time. Batch operating system causes automatic transition from one job to another as soon as the former job completes. 2nd generation computers were used in business and industry for commercial data processing applications like payroll, inventory control, marketing and production planning.
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FEATURES
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They were more easier to handle than tubes since they were made of semiconductor material rather than glass. They were highly reliable as compared to tubes. Switching circuits made of transistors could operate faster than tubes. They consume almost one-tenth power consumed by a tube. They were much smaller than a tube. They were less expensive to produce. They were more then ten times faster than 1st generation computers. They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures.
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3rd generation allowed construction of larger magnetic core based memory as well as larger capacity magnetic disks and tapes. Standardization of high level programming languages, timesharing operating systems and creation of independent software industry happened during 3rd generation. FORTRAN and COBOL were the most popular high level languages in those days. ANSI standardized them in 1966 and 1968 respectively. PL/I, PASCAL and BASIC high level languages were introduced. The concept of timesharing operating system was introduced which enables multiple users to directly access and share computing resources simultaneously in a manner that each user feels that no one else is using the computer.
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FEATURES
1. They were more powerful than 2nd generation.
2. They were smaller than 2nd generation 3. They consumed less power. 4. They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure. 5. Standardization of high level programming languages. 6. Timesharing Operating System helped in improving the productivity of programmers. 7. Unbundling of software from hardware. 8. Minicomputers were developed for smaller companies.
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FEATURES
PCs were smaller and cheaper than mainframes . They consumed less power. 3. They had faster and larger primary and secondary memory. 4. They were general purpose machines. 5. Commercial production of these systems was easier and cheaper. 6. Use of Standard high level languages allowed programs written for one computer to be easily ported on another computer. 7. Graphical user interface enables users to quickly learn the computer. 8. PC based application 9. Network of computers enabled sharing of resources. 10. PCs of 4th generations made computers affordable even by 4/22/2012 REKHA GOYAL individuals.
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FEATURES
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Portable PCs are much smaller and handy than PCs. More user friendly interfaces with multimedia application. Introduction of internet With so many types of computers in all price ranges.
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GENERATIONS
Generation H/W technology
S/W
technology
Characteristic System Bulky in size, highly unreliable, limited commercial use, difficult to use
Ist(19421955)
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GENERATIONS
Generation Second (19551964) H/W technology Transistors, Magnetic core memory, magnetic tapes and disk storage
S/W
technology Batch Operating System, High-Level languages, Scientific & Commercial applications
Features Faster, Smaller, More reliable, Easier to Program, Commercial production was still costly
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GENERATIONS
Generati H/W technology on Third (19641975)
S/W
Features Faster, Smaller, More reliable, Easier to Program, Scientific, commercial and interactive online application
technology ICs with SSI & MSI Timesharing technologies, larger OS, magnetic core Standardizati memory, larger on of high capacity magnetic level disks and tapes, languages, Minicomputer Unbundling of S/W from H/W
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GENERATIONS
Generat H/W technology ion Fourth (19751989)
S/W
Features Faster, Smaller, More reliable, Easier to Program, General Purpose, commercial
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technology ICs with VLSI Operating technology, System for microprocessors, PCs GUI, semiconductor multiple memory, larger windows on capacity of disks, a single magnetic tapes and screen, floppy disks, UNIX Personal operating Computer, Spread system, PS of computer based REKHA GOYAL network applications
GENERATIONS
Generat H/W technology ion Fifth ICs with ULSI (1989- technology, larger Present) main memory, larger capacity hard disks and optical disks, Notebook computers, mainframes, the internet
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S/W
technology World Wide Web, Multimedia applications , Internet based applications
Features Portable computers, powerful, cheaper, reliable and easier to use, general purpose machines
Syst em IBM note book ,Peti um PCs, SUN work stati ons, IBM SP/2
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