ENVIRONMENT &

DEVELOPMENT
-Surender -Shivkesh -Amit

INTRODUCTION
Development and environment are interrelated to each other.
Improper or uncontrolled development is likely to

cause adverse impacts on the environment, and environmental degradation may become a major obstacle for social and economic development.

The interrelationship between development and environment has been observed throughout the world, especially in fast-developing countries such as Japan, India, South Korea, China, and Thailand .

EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENT DEFORESTATION WATER POLLUTION CHEMICAL POLLUTION AIR POLLUTION

SOLID WASTES

GLOBAL WARMING- GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The thin layer of atmosphere is being thickened by global warming pollution(greenhouse gasses) As a result, more of the outgoing infrared is being trapped and hence heats up the atmosphere

GLOBAL WARMING

Mt. KILIMANJARO

Melting of poles

As the ocean temp. increases, moisture as well as wind velocity also increases. Thereby leading to stronger storms ,hurricanes, typhoon and other natural calamities

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON DEVELOPMENT

Water pollution has reduced availability of fresh water,

killed fishes and damaged crops. Chemical pollution has threatened public health and affected the quality of a variety of agricultural products, meats, seafoods, fruits, and vegetables. The tourist industry is also affected because of environmental pollution at tourist attractions. The annual economic cost of environmental degradation is quite stunning which can be illustrated in terms of income loss as a result of environmental pollution . (for eg.) In the case of china, this quantity is 19 % of chinas total income.

ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE

The EKC hypothesis contends that pollution increases initially as a country develops its industry and thereafter declines after reaching a certain level of economic progress.

REASONS The turning point for pollution is the result of more progressive communities placing greater value on the cleaner environment . Mature companies invest in pollution abatement equipment and technology, which reduces pollution.

CRITICS OF [EKC]
Critics of the Kuznets Curve theory argue that its U-shape comes not from progression in the

development, but rather from historical differences between countries.(for eg.) latin america (high levels of inequality). East asian miracle- also violated Kuznets theory which stated that rapid capital accumulation would lead to an initial increase in inequality. But here in this case the income distribution was equal Because of good political and economic policies.

What do we mean by sustainability?

Its a method of harvesting or using a

resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

 In todays world, development is exploiting the worlds natural resource reserves at alarming rates. By many accounts, this exploitation is unsustainable. For Eg.- the use of fresh water outstrips natural replenishment , a quarter of worlds mammals are in danger of extinction ,cultural languages

are also disappearing & at rates faster than disappearance of living species. In other words, we are to understand the relational consequence of our actions.

What do we mean by development?

sustainable

Sustainable development is a socio-ecological process characterized by the fulfillment of human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment indefinitely. The ideas of sustainable development offer direction for societys progress, in a context that

is less destructive socially and environmentally.

The vagueness of SD is often deplored

There are different ideas of what sustainable

development amounts to for actors in various sectors (e.g., energy, transport, agriculture, food systems, waste management); Gree rev point new developments bring new risks that cannot be anticipated; it involves trade-off decisions on highly contested issues that cause dilemmas the term sustainable development , while institutionalized in usage , is not receiving the mainstream attention that was envisioned.

 Move from a view that it is the state alone which is responsible for development towards one that sees responsibility with

society as a whole.
Move from a dependence on external

assistance towards domestically-driven and financed development.

Energy
a projected 57% increase in world energy consumption

over the next 20 years risks impacting heavily on the environment.

The challenge for energy policy is that of reducing the

environmental costs of energy production and use, while extending access to basic energy services (such as refrigeration, heating and lighting)

A coherent strategy to meet these goals will include

measures to reduce energy demand (through economic and other instruments), to develop renewable energy, to increase the efficiency of existing energy sources, and to transfer cleaner technologies to developing countries.

Transport
Transport contributes to economic growth and to

meeting social needs for access and mobility. But it also contributes to environmental degradation, Measures to be taken are :
shifts of demand for new vehicles towards more fuel

efficient ones (e.g. through fiscal incentives);

greater competition in transport operations, so as to

increase productivity and reduce energy consumption and emissions.

Agriculture
Past growth in agricultural production countries has been

achieved with fewer workers and less land, but using more water, chemicals and machinery. This has led to increased pollution and natural resource use, greater homogenization of the landscape, and destruction of wildlife habitat.

Enhancing the contribution of agriculture to sustainability

and meeting a projected 80% increase in global nutritional requirements, with food of ever-increasing safety, by 2050 will require greater trade liberalization and shifting towards programmes which are conditional on meeting standards for environmental performance.

 Reform also requires:

(i) increased use of pollution charges, to correct

environmental damage caused by agriculture;

(ii) the creation of markets to compensate farmers for the

extra costs incurred when providing essential public goods (such as conservation of biodiversity and habitats); system, to encourage farmers to adopt sustainable methods.

(iii) the strengthening of the agricultural knowledge

Reforms are needed at the international level

Many of the most pressing challenges facing todays societies are

global.

The importance of more effective international co-operation in

addressing these challenges is especially important as globalization is often perceived as a major threat to sustainability.

The immediate environmental and social consequence of

globalization may at times be negative, such as when export opportunities or foreign enterprises are responsible for the unsustainable exploitation of open-access resources such as forests. But, in these cases the best option is in general to strengthen environmental and social safeguards rather than to limit globalization per se.

 Many types of policies such as the

elimination of subsidies that are both tradedistorting and environmentally damaging can lead to win-win outcomes. In China, for example, a reduction in subsidy rates for coal from 64% in 1984 to 11% in 1995 contributed to a 30% decline in the energy intensity of the economy, better economic performance of coal mines, lower government spending and reductions in CO2 emissions.

 A large number of poorer countries have failed to benefit from

globalization. OECD countries can help developing countries avail themselves of the opportunities of globalization and to achieve sustainable development domestically in a variety of ways:

(i) by increased access to needed investment flows and markets,

for example reducing tariff peaks and escalation that especially limit access of processed products from developing countries

(i) by increased access to needed investment flows and markets,

for example reducing tariff peaks and escalation that especially limit access of processed products from developing countries.

Kyoto protocol

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVLOPMENT IN INDIA

 Environment issues in india- air pollution, water pollution, garbage pollution and wildlife natural

habitat pollution. The situation was worse between 1947- 1995.But in 1995-2010 india has fastened progress in the world in addressing its environmental issues and improving its environmental quality. Hindus sacred river (ganga)contains 60,000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 millilitres when it enters in varanasi .

 The rapid growing population and economic

development is leading to a number of environmental issues in India because of the uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization, expansion and massive intensification of agriculture, and the destruction of forests. India having 18% of the world's population on 2.4% of world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources. Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas.

 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

was formed in USA during 1970. This was the basis for the development of a mechanism which came to be known as Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in india.

ENERGY POLICIES IN INDIA

Wind Power - Some village (like muppandal)

has attracted wind energy producing companies creating thousands of new jobs, dramatically raising the incomes of villagers. Nuclear Power India has 9th place in the world in terms of nuclear capacity and boasts a quickly advancing and active nuclear power program.

SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy used in agriculture, rural

electrification, solar water heaters etc. Government has announced an allocation of 10 billion towards the Jawahar Lal Nehru national solar mission and the establishment of a clean energy fund.

 Biomass Power We use fuelwood,

agricultural residues, animal waste for production of this power. Some villages of india like Pfutseromi village, Nagaland it is used.

 Government of India established a Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in the

Department of Science and Technology, in 1981. The mandate of CASE is to promote research and development activities in the field of renewable energy. CASE was formally incorporated in 1982, in the newly created Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES). In 1992 DNES became the Ministry for Nonconventional Energy Sources, commonly known as MNES.

ENVIRONMENTAL

POLICY IN INDIA

The Water (Prevention And Controle Of

Pollution) Act,1974 The Water (Prevention And Controle Of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 The Air (Prevention And Controle Of Pollution)Act,1981 The Indian Forest Act,1972 The Wild Life (Protection) Act,1972

 The Forest (Conservation) Act,1980 The Environment (protection) Act,1986 Hazardous (Managemant and Handling )

Rules,1989 In 1985, India created the Ministry of Environment and Forests. This was followed by a National Forest Policy.

 Some industries involve in certain

technological processes which could be harmful to the environment and public health (ex. Dyeing industry in tamilnadu) Need for rule and regulations that can bring ceiling on over consumption of energy.

CHIPKO MOVEMENT
The first Chipko action took place spontaneously in 1973 and over the next five years spread to

many districts of the Himalaya in Uttar Pradesh. The villagers hugged the trees and saved them by putting there bodies on the way of contractors axes. After some time in Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh it had been lifted again in 2004. The movement spread to Himachal Pradesh in the north, Karnataka in the south, Rajasthan in the west, Bihar in the east and to the Vindhyans in central India.

Narmada bachao Andolan

Government's plan is to build 30 large, 135

medium and 3000 small dams to harness the waters of the Narmada and its tributaries .This plan would provide large amounts of water and electricity which are desperately required for the purposes of development . The dam will affect many people who are living there and will force them to migrate.

 http://www.jstor.org http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/9/18905pf http://www.environmentabout.com/474/what-is

kyoto-protocol-and-what-is-it significance http://www.cedindia.org/ http://india_resource.tripod.com/environ.htm http://www.ecoeco.org/pdf/stern.pdf (The Environmental Kuznets Curve) http://www.unece.org/ (economic growth and environment) http://en.wikipedia.org/ Al Gores inconvenient truth documentary http://economics.dstcentre.com/(TheEnvironmental Kuznets Curve) http://www.carboncreditcapital.com