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Chapter 5:
BJT Small-Signal Analysis
Contents
1. Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration
2. Voltage divider bias
3. CE Emitter bias
4. Emitter-follower configuration
5. Common-base configuration
r
e
transistor model employs a diode and controlled
current source to duplicate the behavior of a transistor in
the region of interest.
The r
e
and hybrid models will be used to analyze small-
signal AC analysis of standard transistor network
configurations.
Ex: Common-base, common-emitter and common-collector
configurations.
The network analyzed represent the majority of those
appearing in practice today.
BJT Small Signal Analysis
AC equivalent of a network is obtained by:
1. Setting all DC sources to zero
2. Replacing all capacitors by s/c equiv.
3. Redraw the network in more convenient and
logical form
1/5: Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
re Model
Determine , re, and ro:
and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a
curve tracer.
re: calculate re using dc analysis:
E
e
I
26mV
r
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
e B i
r || R Z
e B
e i
r 10 R
r Z
O
r || R Z
C o
c
o
10 ro
Z
R
R
c
+ +
e B C o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
A
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A
Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
e b
o C b
v
e b i
o C b O
i
O
v
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R
r I
) r || (R I
A
r I V
) r || (R I V
V
V
A
R r
R r
I
I
A
, r 10 R and 10R r if
r R R r
R r
I
I
A
r R
R
R r
r
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
r R
R
I
I
and
r R
I R
I
R r
r
I
I
and
R r
I r
I
circuits output and input the to rule divider - current
the applying by determined is gain current The
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
e r || R Zi
o C r || R Zo
C
C
10R ro
R Zo
C o
e i
o
i
10R r
r R
R
I
I
A
+
e C o
i
o
i
r 10 R , 10R r
I
I
A
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
e
C
v C o
e
o C
v
o C
e
i
o
e
i
b
o C b O
r
R
A 10R or r if
r
) r || (R
A
) r || (R
r
V
V
r
V
I
) r || )(R I ( V
,
_
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Current gain
( ) ( )
( )
( )
e
e o
o
i
o
i
C o
e C o
o
i
o
i
B 2 1
r R'
R'
r R' r
r R'
I
I
A
, R 10 r for
r R' R r
r R'
I
I
A
R R || R R'
format. same the have
gain will current for the equation the , R' the
for except ion, configurat bias - fixed emitter -
common that similar to so is network the since
+
+ +
CE Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
C
i
V i
i
o
i
i
o
i
e
R
Z
A A
option an as
I
I
A
R'
R'
I
I
A
, r 10 R' if And
E b
E
C
i
o
v
R Z
R
R
V
V
A
b B
B
i
o
i
Z R
R
I
I
A
+
C
i
v i
R
Z
A A
or
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage Gain
E
C
i
o
V
E b
E e
C
i
o
V
E e b
b
C
i
o
V
C
b
i
C b C o o
b
i
b
R
R
V
V
A
R ion Z approximat for the and
R r
R
V
V
A
gives ) R (r Z ng substituti
Z
R
V
V
A
R
Z
V
R I R I V
Z
V
I
,
_
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Current Gain
C
R
Z
A A
Z R
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
I
I
I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
: in result ll circuit wi input the to rule divider - current the Applying . I I
ion approximat permit the to Z to close often too is R of magnitude The
i
v i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
i b
b B
+
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Bypassed RE
This is the same circuit as the CE fixed-bias configuration and therefore can be solved
using the same re model.
4/5. CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
re Model
You still need to determine and re.
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
b B i
Z || R Z
E e b
1)R ( r Z + +
) R (r Z
E e b
+
E b
R Z
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Calculation for the current I
e
E e
i
e
e
e
e
E
e
i
E e
i
e
b
b
i
b e
b
i
b
R r
V
I
r
r
1) (
r
and
1) ( but
R
1) (
r
V
1)R ( r
1)V (
I
gives for Z g subtitutin
Z
V
1) ( 1)I ( I
Z
V
I
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
+ +
+
+ +
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Impedance Calculations (contd)
Output Impedance:
e E o
r || R Z
e E
e o
r R
r Z
>>
E e
i
e
R r
V
I
ion configurat follower emitter for the impedence output the Defining
+
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Current Gain (Ai):
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:
e E
E
i
o
v
r R
R
V
V
A
+
E e E e E
i
o
v
R r R , r R
1
V
V
A
+ >>
b B
B
i
Z R
R
A
+
E
i
v i
R
Z
A A
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Voltage gain
1
V
V
A
R r R
, r an greater th much usually R
r R
R
V
V
A
r R
V R
V
i
o
v
E e E
e E
e E
E
i
o
v
e E
i E
o
+
+
+
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Current Gain
E
i
v i
b B
B
i
b B
B
i
b
b
o
i
o
i
b
o
b e o
b B
B
i
b
b B
i B
b
R
Z
A A or
Z R
R
A
, ) 1 ( since
Z R
R
) 1 (
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
) 1 (
I
I
I ) 1 ( I I
Z R
R
I
I
Z R
I R
I
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.
V
o
Emitter-Follower Configuration
5/5. Common-Base (CB) Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
re Model
You will need to determine and re.
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Output Impedance:
e E i
r || R Z
C o
R Z
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):
Current Gain (Ai):
e
C
e
C
i
o
v
r
R
r
R
V
V
A
1
I
I
A
i
o
i
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Voltage & Current gain
e
C
e
C
i
o
V
C
e
i
o
e
i
e
C e
C c C o o
r
R
r
R
V
V
A
R
r
V
V
r
V
I
R I
) R I ( R I V
,
_
1
I
I
A
I I I
I I
i
o
i
i e o
i e
Common-Base (CB) Configuration
Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
V
o
Common-Base (CB) Configuration