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WirelessCommunicationSystems AitorFerndez
Main features:
Appropiatemobilitysupport Globalcoverage Inherentbroadcastcapacity
Bandwithondemandcapacity
Appliable to:
Globallyscatteredusers Aeronauticalandmaritimeusers Remote,infraestructurelacking
Offered services:
Broadbandaccessnetworks Connectingheterogeneous Highspeedbackbonenetworks
Asatellitesystemconsistsof:
Spacesegment
Groundsegment
Groundsegmentconsistsof:
Gatewaystations(GS) Networkcontrolcenter(NCC) Operationcontrolcenter(OCC)
Spacesegmentconsistsof: Satellites
Lowearthorbit(LEO)
GSOOrbit:
35786Kmavobetheequator AppearsfixedtoanobserverontheEarth Sufficientforglobalcoverage 1GSOSatellitecoversonethirdofEarth surface Thisareaiscalledfootprint
GSOOrbit:
Highlaunchingcost Largeantennasandtransmissionpower required Biggestproblem:Propagationdelay Around250280ms Undesirableforrealtimetraffic
MEOOrbit:
From3000KmuptotheGSOorbit Typicalroundtrippropagationdelay:110300 ms 2003000Kmaboveearthsurface Typicalroundtrippropagationdelay:2025 ms
LEOOrbit:
Satellitepayloads:
Responsibleofthesatellitecommunications Oncelaunched,asatelliteisimpossibleto upgrade Robust Simple Noonboardprocessing(OBP)ontraditional sats
Satellitepayloads:
Frequencybands:
MostcommonlyusedareC,Ku,andKabands Withhigherfrequency,andshorterwavelenght
Smallerantenascanbeused
Several implementation options due to diversity Suggestions to use hybrid GSO-NGSO network Sats can act as a backbone/Hi-speed network
Satellites interact with GS's May be the only access method for remote areas Bent pipe architecture (Fig 1) suffers big latency
Bent-pipe design
OBP and ISL's can be combined to create a network in the sky. Both combination access and backbone network. Teledisc or Iridium are examples of this kind of network. Flexibility at cost of more complex routing
Architecture Design
Acces internet directly by satellites. Only download Created because of internet traffic asimetry in which the server transmits much more information than in reverse Upload from the client is made via terrestrial GS's
DBS architecture
Astrolink
Skybridge distribution
Technical challenges
Technical challenges
Fixed Assignement:
This is the most basic of MAC's It is based in frequency, time or code divixion basis (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA respectively) Very poor resource management. For small networks.
Technical challenges
Random Access:
Thanks to small and cheap terminals Less data usage, which turns in a bigger number of terminals which a satellite can cover. Each station transmit data regardless of the others.
Technical challenges
Demand Assignment:
Solves RA's lack of QoS providing Dynamically allocates system bandwidth depending on how many clients request access The transmission for permission becomes the problem, but it is affordable.
Technical challenges
After reservation, bandwidth is segmented in FDMA or TDMA Centralized or Distributed control Resource reservation can be explicitly or implicitly done. Priority Oriented Demand Protocol and First In First Out, combine explicit and implicit requests
Routing Issues
We will refer to LEO satellite systems, as Iridium can be. It is very attractive to be able to design a network in the sky, thanks to OBP and ISL's The routing becomes crucial.
Routing Issues
Dynamic Topology
Satellites have very little visible period to us When a satellite goes out, and another comes in, intersatellite handover happens Each satellite is able to set up 4 to 8 ISL's These can be intraplane or interplane
Routing Issues
DT-DVTR makes use of the periodic nature of sats Works completely offline System storages visibility data of each interval When topology changes, the best path is choosen
Routing Issues
Hidew the topologycal changes from the routing protocols, despite satellites are actually moving Keeps state information, such as routing tables and user data When the satellite covering the node disappears in the horizon, the node is covered by the one that comes
Routing Issues
IP Routing at satellites
IP routing is adopted, based in the VN concept Integrates the space network with terrestrial Internet Supports IP multicast and IP QoS Despite is useful and desirable, implementation problems appear everywhere. Constantly improving.
Routing Issues
ATM Switching
Many proposed systems use ATM as network protocol for the constellation A version of DT-DVTR based in ATM is investigated, grouping the ingress and engress satellites' virtual channel connections in a VPC Possibly, IP over ATM will be implemented
Routing Issues
Internal design of communications will probably change constantly to fit manufacturers or clients. Satellite network is isolated of terrestrial network AS (astronomous system) concept. Sat=AS. Only Border Gateways will communicate with these, by BGP
Routing Issues
Unidirectional Routing
DBS is unidirectional. Traditional Routing is invalid Static routing instead of dynamic routing is an option Options:
Routing Issues
In unidirectional routing, we can only send (feeders) The clients at the other side can only receive (receivers) Make a receiver identify the potential feeders, ignoring unusable data while mantaining neighboring connection The receiver periodically delivers its own routing message to all feeders through terrestial link
Routing Issues
Tunneling:
Offers a link layer approach to hide the asymetry. A tunnel is a virtual link set between a DBS and a receiver by using encapsulation and decapsulation User encapsulates package -> sends to routing protocol via terrestrial nw -> arrives to satellite -> the tunnel decapsulates the message - > forwards it to the routing protocol
Satellite Transport
TCP/IP and UDP/IP protocols are the heart of the Internet. Their solidity and standarization makes them adaptable and unlikely to be discarded Satellite-based Internet will use UDP and TCP. TCP being connection oriented, will receive the great impact of high latencys and error rates.
Satellite Transport
High latencies will affect TCP's functionality. Timeout based protocols such as this may severely suffer large round-trip times delivered by satellite connections Also suffer from interferences, fading, shadowing, and rain atteunation. This causes Bit Error Rate (BER)
Satellite Transport
Performance enhacenments have been developed over TCP TCP selective acknowledgement (SACK) TCP for transaction (T/TCP) Persistent TCP Connection MTU mechanism FEC
Satellite Transport
TCP extensions solve some limitation of standard TCP TCP Spoofing TCP Splitting Web Caching
THANK YOU!
Aitor Fernndez