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South Asia Region UKP March 20, 2012 Sri Lanka

Strategies and Issues on the National Territory and Urban Development in Korea
2012

Dong-Ju Kim
(djukim@krihs.re.kr)

Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements (KRIHS)

Overview

1. Overview
1) Geography of Korea

- Area (South Korea): 100,214Km2 (Mountains: 65% of the entire land) - Population: 49 million (population density: 488 person/km2)
3

1. Overview

1. Overview
In 2012, Korea is
11th exporter 12th importer

From recipient country

to donor country

1. Overview
2) Economic Growth Trend of Korea (1960-2010)
20,759 Per Capita (US$) GNI 16,291 11,432 G20
Member

10,000

6 Ten-Year-Comprehensive National Territorial Plans 6 Five-Year-EconomicDevelopment Plans


Liberation from Japanese Colonial Rule

7,355
Financial Crisis OECD Member (1995)

5,000

1,000(1977) 87
1962

100(1964)
1970 1980

67
1945 1953

1990

1998 2005

2010

Source: KDI 2005 Updated

1. Overview
3) Changes in Socio-Economic Structure of Korea (1960-2010)
1960 (A) Area
()

2010 (B) 100,214 48,875 20,759 4,664 90.9 101.9

Ratio (B/A) 1.02 1.9 262.8 4220 2.5 1.3 3.9 1,336
7

98,431 24,989 79

Population (thousand persons)

Per Capita Income (US$)


Export (100 million $) Urbanization Ratio (%) Housing Supply Ratio (%) Road Length (thousand ) Industrial Estates ()
Source: Korea National Statistical Office

0.3
35.9 79.5 27.2

105.5
1,336

0.0

Economic & National Territorial Development Strategies

1. Key Development Strategies (1960s-80s)


1) Adopt strategic policies for economic and territorial development - Economic development
Input-driven and export-led development strategy

- Territorial development
provide infrastructure for economic growth and rearrange spatial structure

2) Coordinate both economic policy and territorial policy


- Establish the 5 year Economic Development Plan and the 10 year National Territorial Development Plan

Economic Development

Territorial Development
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2. Economic Development Strategy


1) Input-driven & Export-led Development (1960s-1970s)
Take-off from the Ashes (1960s) - overcome lack of resources and small domestic market
Poor Resources

Abundant Labor

Poor Industrial Base

?
Input-driven & Export-led Development

High Level of Education

Weak Infrastructure

Motivated

Source: KDI 2005 Updated

10

2. Economic Development Strategy


< Concept of Input-driven & Export-led Development Strategy >
Foreign Capital Inducement (Economic Aids External Debt)

Economic Growth

S
Manufacturing Processing Capital Good Imports Raw Material Imports Foreign Technology Imports

S
Export Promotion

Financial Support Tax Incentives

Government
Export Promotion by the President

Technology Development

Well-educated & Cheap Labor force Source: KDI 2005 Updated

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2. Economic Development Strategy


2) Promote strategic industries with economic growth
1960s 1960 s Development Development Stage Stage Export Commodity Profile 1970s 1970 s 1980s 1980 s 1990s 1990 s

2000s

Factor-DrivenStage Factor-Driven Stage

Investment-Driven Stage Investment-Driven Stage


Innovation-DrivenStage

Light industry
Wig Textile

Heavy & Chemical industry


Automobile Semiconductor

Semiconductor, Mobile Phone, DTV, Display, Automobile, etc.


79.8%

HCI Product

50%

14.1% 6.1%

Light Industry Product


Agricultural Product
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1960
Source:KDI 2005 revised

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2. Economic Development Strategy


3) Develop Industrial complexes and promote clusters
< National Industrial Complexes >
< Strategic industries by region >

For industrial & regional competitiveness, strategic industries are fostered by region (eg. Bio-medicine, IT, machinery renewable energy)
< Industrial agglomeration to cluster >
Creative Human Resource Admin. & Business Support

Funding (production)

Industry

Cluster
R&D

University
(R&D)

Trust

Networking
13

3. Territorial Development Strategy


1) Growth Pole Strategy (1960s-90s)
Promote selected strategic regions with growth potentials

Expect spill-over from the growth poles to other regions

growth poles: metropolitan cities, large industrial estates

Provide infrastructures for the growth poles (highways, ports)


< Spill-over/ trickling-down from core to periphery regions >

Periphery

Core

Periphery

3
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3. Territorial Development Strategy


2) Revitalization of Rural Areas (1960s-)
Saemaul Undong (1972) (New Community Movement)
promote a modern, comfortable,
(1+2) and convenient rural community (1) (1+3) Agriculture + Primary Industry Agriculture + Strategies Processing Tourism (Agriculture) - Invest productive infrastructure (farming machinery, etc) - Increase incomes from agriculture (3) (2) - Improve living environments Tertiary Secondary (road, house, water, etc) (Processing) (Service) - Education and training (1+2+3) Agriculture + Processing + Tourism
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Fusion of Agro-based industries (2000)

3. Territorial Development Strategy


3) Provision of Infrastructure with economic growth
7X9 National Arterial Road (1998)
To meet increasing transport demand and balanced development Kyungbu Expressway (1970) High Speed Rail (2004)

(1970s~)

Seoul Incheon

Daejeon

Daegu

Ulsan

Busan New Port (2000)

Inchon International Airport (2001)

Gwangju

Busan

In Use Under Const Under Planning Long Term Motorway

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3. Territorial Development Strategy


4) Decentralized and balanced national territorial

development (1980s-2000s)

Area-Wide Development

develop major cities and surrounding areas, industrial complexes and hinterlands (1994~)

Balanced National Development

Five-year balanced national development plan(2004) Special Act for Balanced National development (2004) Relocate national administrations and public agencies away from the capital
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3. Territorial Development Strategy


5) Maga Regions for Development Efficiency (2008~)
Regroup 7 metropolitan cities & 9 provinces into 7 mega regions Overcome the limitation of administrative boundaries Inter-regional cooperation and collaborative development

7 Mega Regions

Gangwon Capital Region


Chungchung Region

Region

Daekyung Region

Dongnam

Industry

Honam

Region

Province

Metro. city

Human Resource
Infrastructure

Region

Jeju Region
Source: Presidential Committee on Regional Development 18

3. Territorial Development Strategy


6) Paradigm Shift of Territorial Development Policy in Korea 1960s-1980s (Industrialization) Growth pole development (selected areas) Multiple growth poles development Balanced national development with regional competitiveness Territorial development for low-carbon green growth
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1990s (localization)
2000s (Globalization) 2010s (Green Growth)

3. Territorial Development Strategy


7) Establish the CNTP (Comprehensive National Territorial Plan) Set the directions and strategies for the national territory (1972-) - KRIHS prepare the CNTP with the central and local governments - Establish the CNTP by law and declared by the president of Korea
< Characteristics of the CNTP > < 4th CNTP(2000-2020) >

Supreme plan Long term plan


Comprehensive

Takes precedence over other territorial plans Directions for the 10 year territorial development Includes lnfrastructure, housing, land, water, etc
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plan

III

Strategies for Urban Development

1. Rapid Urbanization with Industrialization


With the industrialization, rural to urban migration rapidly increased (urbanization ratio 1960 : 39.1% 2010 : 90.9%) Urban development and management become to national agenda - housing, infrastructure, public services < Trend of Urbanization Ratio in Korea >
88.3% 79.6% 68.7% 50.1% 39.1% 23.5% 90.9%

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010
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2. Legal System for Urban Development


Legal system for new development
Urban Planning Act (1962) Land Readjustment Act (1966)_for land provision and housing supply Housing Construction Promotion Act (1972) Residential Site Development Promotion Act (1980) Urban Development Act (2000)

Legal system for re-development


Housing Improvement Promotion Act (1973) Urban Redevelopment Act (1976) Urban Poor's Residential Environment Improving Act (1989) Urban and Residential Environment Improving Act (2002) Urban Regeneration Promotion Act (2006)
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3. Various Types of Cities at Strategic Locations


Industrial Estate Type (1970s~) Ulsan
Automobile, Ship-Building

Pohang
Steel (POSCO)

Changwon
Machinery

Free Trade Type: Masan (Electronics)

Science Park Type: Daeduk (R&D)

Seoul

Daeduk

Gumi

Pohang

Ulsan Changwon Masan


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4. Green Belt Policy


Designate Green Belt(Development Restriction Area), 1971~ - To prevent urban sprawl and preserve the natural environment around the city - Total Area: 5,397km2 (5.4% of national land)
Seoul

Ulsan

Gwangju

Busan

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5. New Town in Town Development


Develop new towns within the city(mini city) for housing supply with supporting functions

Mokdong, Seoul

Gaepo, Seoul

Goduk, Seoul

<Mokdong> Period: 1983-1989 Area: 4.3 km2 Population: 120 ,000 Household: 26,600

Seoul

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6. New Town Development


Construct new towns at the suburban of Metropolitan Cities for housing supply 5 New towns in Seoul Metropolitan Area for 2 million housing
< New Towns in Seoul Metropolitan Area (89-93) >

Seoul
<Ilsan New Town> <Bundang New Town>

<Jungdong New Town>

<Pyungchon New Town> <Sanbon New Town>


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7. Livable City Program


New Paradigm
Improve the Quality of Place & Quality of Life Induce creative talents, investment, job creation Economic vitality Sociocultural development

Strategies
Green space (park, forest, etc) Environment, landscape, landmark Culture (e.g. culturenomics of Seoul) Knowledge-based industries International activities, Business HQs
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Recent Issues on Urban Development

1. Changes and Outlook of the Korean City


Population decrease and the advent of the aged society
Population(10 thousand) 4,996 4,933 4,701 4,922 4,237 3,814 3,224 24.1 15.7 Ratio of the aged (%) 10.8 7.2 5.1 3.1 3.8 70 80 90 00 10 20 30

Emergence of environment , energy, and resource crisis


Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(year 2000=100)

170 142 154

120 100

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020


Source: Korea Meteorological Administration

Advanced transportation and IT tech. change urban life - affect living patterns and and territorial development

Transfer of urban planning authority to local governments

- Citizens actively participate


in and affect urban policies in the new governance system
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2. Quality-based Urban Development


<Early Stage of Urbanization>

<Mature Stage of Urbanization>

Quantity-based Urban Facilities Supply


- meet the increasing needs of urban services (housing, roads, water supply)

Quality-based Urban Development


- human capitals, quality of life - Ubiquitous-city, Smart city - Green City

Triumph of the City (Edward Glaeser) How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us

Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier


31

3. Urban Regeneration for Vitality


Urban Stream Restoration
(Cheonggycheon, Seoul)

Street Regeneration (Daegu City) Industrial Estate Regeneration (Guro, Seoul) Seaport Regeneration (Busan)
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4. Smart City for Convenient Urban Life

IT-based.
- Government services - Transportation - Communication - Education - Health care - Public Safety - Energy & Utilities

<Bus Information system>

<U-City Control Center>

<Smart Highway>

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5. Green City for Sustainable Growth


Climate change and reduction of greenhouse gas
become to the global & local agenda

Establish Urban Planning Guidelines for


Low-Carbon Green Growth (2010)
standard, evaluation, predictions and countermeasures for low-carbon green growth to urban planning

Economic & Territorial Development

Green Growth

Environment

Green industry as a new growth engine R&D in Green Technology Green New Deal projects

Reduce pollution through carbon abatement Improve the quality of life Green life style

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5. Green City: the Case of Seoul


Energy Consumption: Home & commercial, transportation accounted for 86% important to urban and transportation planning
GHG Reduction Goals : reduce 40% in 2030 against 1990 emission level
<Energy Consumption by Sector >
Public Use 4.7% (758) Industry Use 9.7% (1,551)
(1,000 tons)

<GHG Reduction Goals>


70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000
Total Emission Reduction Goal Volume Reduced

59,275

47,416 40%

50,120
9,816

52,750
17,188 30,825

Transportation Home & Commerce

55.2% (8,829)

30.4% (4,870)

30,000 20,000 10,000


0 40,304 35,562 28,450

(TOE)

1990

2015

2020

2030
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5. Green City: the Case of Seoul


Strategies for Green Growth : Seoul City
Urban Structure & Land use
Public Transportation oriented urban structure Transit-oriented compact development Wind paths Green space expansion

Household
Heating energy

circulation Eco-friendly construction Transform lifestyle

Sustainable Seoul for Green Growth

Commerce
Limit the areas of

business use Introduction of ecofriendly construction Introduction of smart grid

Transportation
Facilitate public

Energy
From fossil fuel to natural energy

Industry
Transform the structure

transportation Improve efficiency of vehicle Urban structure for walkers and bicycle riders

Provides renewable energy Collective energy consumption

Transform energy source Foster new businesses


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6. Inclusive City for Shared Growth


Provide the minimum level of public services to all of the society Transportation system for equity Guarantee transportation rights to socially vulnerable citizens - Provide public transport to low level of access areas - Support transport fares for elderly Affordable housing for low-incomer Establish the housing safety net for low-income people - low-cost public rental housing, long term(5, 50 year) rental housing - loan for rental deposit money, housing voucher, etc. <Access level of public transportation>
Seoul

Women Friendly City

Women friendly urban planning, residential areas, transportation - urban environment for working women and childcare - safety for women (pedestrian roads, street lighting)

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7. Network City for Mutual Growth


Overcome administrative boundary and promote networking

among cities City-region type development with neighboring cities : eg. mega regions, metropolitan regions

<Individual city>

<Systems of Cities>

<Mega-regions of Korea>
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www.krihs.re.kr

Global Collaboration for our Urban Future

Thank you

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