Introduction

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Waseem Abbas Ibupoto

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Narration
The act of telling a story or giving an account of

something.

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Forms of Narration
Speech bobbles Dramatic form With inverted commas (

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Speech Bubble
O Yes.

You are not looking fine today.

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Dramatic form
Ali: You are not looking fine today. Sherry Sherry: O Yes

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With inverted commas ()

Ali said to sherry, your are not looking fine today Sherry continued, O yes

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Dealing with narration

Reporting speech

The part of sentence before inverted commas.

Reported speech

The actual words (said by the persons) She said, I play piano in the evening as hobby.
Reporting Speech Reported Speech

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Changes in reported speech

Person

First persons according to the subject of reporting speech Second persons according to the object of reporting speech Third persons remain unchanged

Words

Now This These Ago Here

Then That Those Before There

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Tenses
(If the reporting speech is in present or future there were will not be any change in the tenses of reported speech but if it is in past tense the changes will be as follows)
v Present (continuous / perfect) v Past v Past continuous v Past perfect v Shall, Will v Can v May

Past (continuous / perfect )

Past / Past perfect Past perfect continuous unchanged Would could might
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Affirmatives & Negatives

In affirmatives it is just needed to change the persons time and some words accordingly.
He said, you are disturbing others.

He said that I was disturbing others.

My friend said, I am writing her letter.

My friend said that he was writing her letter.

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Interrogatives
Questions with helping verb (take if )

They said, Is she your sister? They asked if she was my sister. My mother said, are you going to school today? mother asked if I was going to school that day.

WH Questions

They said to me, Where do you live? They asked me that where I lived.
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Imperatives
In imperatives the sense in which the sentence is said

is themed into a single word that replaces said in reporting speech.

He said to me, Close the door. She said, lets go to picnic! She suggested to go to picnic. He said, Please open the door.
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He urged me to close the door.

EXCLAIMATORY

She said, What a beautiful class it is!

She exclaimed that it was a beautiful class.

He said to his friends, hurrah! I found a purse full of

rupees.

He exclaimed his friends that he had found a purse full of rupees.

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OPTATIVES
They said, May you perform hajj.

They prayed that I might perform hajj.

He said to me, May you fail in exams.

He cursed me that I might fell in exams.

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Universal Truth
In universal truth there will be no change in the reported speech at all.
Teacher said, The Earth rotates around the Sun.

Teacher said that the earth rotates around the Sun.

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Thanks
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