Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
I. Pre-conventional Level
At this level, the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but he interprets the labels in terms of either the physical or hedonistic consequences of action (punishment, reward, exchange of favors) or the physical power of those who speak the rules and labels. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation The physical consequences of action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning respect to power are values in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order supported by punishment and authority
Stage 2: Instrument and Relativity Orientation At this stage, right actions become those that can serve as instruments for satisfying the childs needs or the needs of those for whom the child cares. Elements of fairness, reciprocity, and equal sharing are present, but they are always interpreted in a physical, pragmatic way 5
Moral reasoning
Refers to the reasoning process by which human behaviors, institutions, or policies are judged to be in accordance with or in violation of moral standards. Moral reasoning always involves two essential components: An understanding of what reasonable moral standards require, prohibit, value, or condemn; and Evidence or information that shows that a particular person, policy, institution, or behavior has the kinds of features that these moral standards require, prohibit, value, or condemn.
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Moral reasoning
First and primarily, moral reasoning must be logical. All the unspoken moral and factual assumptions must be made explicit, and both assumptions and premises be displayed and subject to criticism. Second, the factual evidence quoted in support of a persons judgment must be accurate (comprehensively shared), relevant, and complete. Third, the moral standards involved in a persons moral reasoning must be consistent. The consistency requirement is the basis of an important method of showing that a given moral standard must be modified or rejected: the use of counter examples or hypotheticals.
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MORAL REASONING
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