Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
i. Collection:Dams ,reservoirs, intake,pumping station, tubewells ii. Transmission : Conduit, valves, pumping station iii. Treatment :Sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, disinfection, storage iv. Distribution :Pumping station, Overhead reservoir, feeders, main, pipes, valves, fire hydrants
200 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 3000 persons; Cost =Rs 300000 ;Cost/head=Rs100 400 mm diameter water supply pipe 1km long serves 12000 persons; Cost =Rs 4800000 ;Cost/head=Rs 40
Problem 1
A community is expected to reach a population of 35000 in 20 yrs. It has present population of 28000 with average water consumption of 16x106 lit/day. The existing water treatment plant has a design cpapcity of 28350 m3/day. Assume an arithmetic rate of population growth. Determine in which year the existing plant will reach its design capacity. Assume the plant to be designed on max. daily consumption.
Solution Problem 1
Pf =35000 , PO =28000,K=(35000-28000)/20=350person/yr Avg WC per capita per day=(16x106 lit/day)/28000 persons =571.4Lit/capita/day(Lpcd) Max daily WC=1.5x571.4=857.14Lit/capita/day Pf for water treatment plant=(28350x103)/857.1=33075 persons Pf = PO + K(tf-to) 33075=28000+350(tf-to) ; (tf-to) =14.514 yrs
Problem 2
A small community had a population of 65000 and 85000 in the year of 1995 and 2005 respectively. Assuming a geometric growth rate and an average WC of 300lit/cap/day. Calculate the design flow for the treatment plant and the transmission main from current year. Select an appropriate value for design period.
Solution Problem 2
P1995 =65000 , P2005=85000, Pf = POe Kn =85000= 65000x(e10K) K=0.0268person/yr For transmission main design period=25 yrs(design yr=2037) Treatment plant =15 yrs(design yr=2027) Pf (transmission main)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2037-2005))=200387.15 Pf (treatment plant)= 85000x(e0.0268x(2027-2005))=153277.7 Max daily WC=1.5x300=450Lit/capita/day Capacity for transmission mains= 200387.15 x450=90174.2m3/day Capacity for treatment plant = 153277.7 x450=68974.96m3/day
Problem 3
The present population of a community is 160000 increasing at a geometric growth rate of 0.043 per yr. The present water requirement of the community are fully met by a number of tube wells installed in the city. The average WC is 350l/c/d using a design period of 15 yrs. Calculate the number of additional tube-wells of 3.4m3/min capacity to meet the demand of design period.
Solution problem 3
Avg WC=350l/c/d; design period=15yrs Present population=Po=160000;K=0.043 Pf = POe Kn =160000X(e0.043x15)=304957.92 Additional poulation=304957.92-160000=144957.92 Total WC= 350x144957.92=50735272l/d=50735.2m3/day Tubewell capacity=3.4x60x24=4896m3/day With storage/ overhead reservoir(OHR) max. Daily WC=1.5x50735.2=76102.9m3/day Total no. of tube wells=76102.9/4896=15.516 No overhead reservoir(OHR) Peak hourly flow=2.25x50735.2=114154.4m3/day Total no. of tubewells wells=114154.4/4896=23.324
Sources of water
Surface water suspended solids(silt clay) inorganic salts, oils, organics, nutrients, pesticides, pathogens from municipal, agricultural runoff
Groundwater
Depth>35m safe wrt micorbial contaminants
Rainwater
Quality Satisfactory ,dissolution of CO2-H2CO3 Affected by collection systems and storage conditions
Surface water
Quality and quantity are highly variable Subject to changing land use and evaporation Runoff and precipitates may add significant contaminant Requires elaborate treatment for use as drinking water supplies
Ground water
Small development cost Negligible evapotranspiration losses Reduced alienation of productive land Consistent water quality High pumping energy cost Variation in standing water level Higher dissolved solids and minerals Corrosion and encrustation of pipes and fittings
Collection works
Intake :Device placed in a surface water source to
permit withdrawal of water from that sources
Types of Intake :
Single port :constant/fixed depth (river, lake) Multiport :selective draft from various depths(reservoir)
Reservoir intake
Distribution system
Gravity distribution Natural slope, spring at peak (Muree, D.G.Khan) Economical Site specific Design problems
Steel pipes
Avg life-25-50 yrs (C=100) Jointing by welding Less carbon then CI Use-trunk mains, seldom used in distribution system due to difficulty in jointing Advantages: Stronger and lighter then CI for high pressure pipes ,Cheaper then CI Disadvantages :Cannot withstand vacuum, Corrosion susceptible
Concrete pipe
Avg life-75 yrs(C=138-152) Usual size of RCC pipe >400 mm Advantages :inexpensive relatively ,withstand high internal pressure /external load , corrosion resistance, long life, minimal bedding. Disadvantages: Manufactured on site/near site, heavy, exact pipe fittings to be laid in advance
Asbestos cement
Avg life-30-50 yr (C=140-130) Size 100-600mm Available length-4m Use :distribution system , transmission mains Advantages :immune to acid salt, corrosion, less cost laying and jointing , Less pumping cost due to less friction
Polyvinyl chloride
Expected life-25 yrs 50 yrs(C=140) Size :350 mm size 12mm-600mm Mainly used for domestic plumbing easy to install handle, distribution system Advantages :light weight, easy to install ,Cheaper , corrosion resistance, ease of jointing, easy maintenance ,long service life, small pumping cost Disadvantages :Weak to sustain load, piling, PVC brittle in sunlight
Ductile pipe
Similar to CI except increased ductility Mg addition with low sulpher and phosphorous content More expensive then CI Stronger tougher and elastic then CI