Chp10 SysSoft

System Software
Operating Systems
An operating system is a collection of integrated computer programs that provide recurring services to other programs or to the user of a computer. These services consist of disk and file management, memory management, and device management.
System Software ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
Operating Systems
It is the most important program for computer system. Without it, every computer program would have to contain instructions telling the hardware each step the hardware should take to do its job, such as storing a file on a disk. Because the operating system contains these instructions, any program can call on the operating system when a service is needed.
Operating System Functions

Interacting with Users Making Resources Available Scheduling Resources and Jobs Monitoring Activities Housekeeping Security Other Tasks
Interacting with Users

It is a function of an operating system that allows users to interact with a computer. A user interface program may include a combination of menus, screen design, keyboard commands. A well-designed user interface is essential for an operating system to be popular. Because of the function, users can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks.
Making Resources Available

An operating system manages a collection of computer hardware resources by using a variety of programs. It manages computer system resources, including its CPU, primary memory, virtual memory, secondary storage devices, input/output peripherals, and other devices.
Scheduling Resources and Jobs

The function of the operating system that controls the running of many tasks. It manages one program or many programs within a computer system simultaneously. A task management program in an operating system provides each task and interrupts the CPU operations to manage tasks efficiently. Task management involves a multitasking capability.
Monitoring Activities
It provides information regarding:
how much hard disk space is used up, how fast the hard disk access data, and how response time changes as more and more users try to access the same resources.
Such programs are called performance monitors.

Housekeeping
This is a function that manages data files. An operating system contains file management programs that provide the ability to create, delete, enter, change, ask, and access of files of data. They also produce reports on a file, users log on and log off times, programs running times, program that each user has run, etc.
Security
It provides features to protect the computer
system against unauthorized access by providing password procedures or encryption procedures that disguise valuable programs and data.
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Other Tasks
Disk Utilities
Disk Toolkits Data Compression Programs Disk Optimizers Backup Utilities Screen Savers
Device Drivers
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Interleaved Processing Techniques

Multiprogramming Multitasking Time-Sharing Virtual Memory Multiprocessing Spooling Software
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Multiprogramming
Concurrent execution of two or more programs on a single, multiuser computer. Multiprogramming speeds processing because computers can perform thousands of computations in the time a disk drive can load a single piece of data.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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Multitasking
A capability of an operating system that runs several computing tasks for single user at the same time on one computer. This is controlled by the task management program in an operating system. Two types of multitasking Preemptive multitasking or true multitasking and cooperative multitasking.
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Time-Sharing
Time sharing allows a single computer system usually a mainframe to support numerous users at separate display terminals. A time sharing computer spends a fixed amount of time on each program and then goes on to another.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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Virtual Memory
This is a technique for an operating system to manage memory. An operating system simulates significantly larger memory capability than the real memory capacity of its actual primary storage unit. It allows computers to process larger programs than the physical memory circuit would allow.
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Multiprocessing
A technique for simultaneous execution of two or more program sequences by multiple processors operating under common control. Coprocessing, coordinates the functions of native central processor (CPU) with those of slave processors that perform specialized tasks. Parallel processing consists of several full fledged general purpose CPU that operates roughly the same level as the others.
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Spooling Software
A program that manages input or output by temporarily holding it in secondary storage to expedite processing. To avoid the delay due to extremely low speed devices, computer system set up output spooling areas in disk storage to store output destined for the printer.
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Personal Operating Systems
DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. In the early 1980s, Microsoft got the right to QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) developed by a small company, Seattle Computer. Microsoft licenses a version called PC-DOS to IBM (International Business Machines), and its version, MS-DOS, to other PC manufacturers.
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Advantages of DOS
DOS is the most popular microcomputer operating system. It runs thousands of applications. DOS is easy for novices to use, and many publications and books are available. DOS does not require an expensive computer system while some others still do.
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Disadvantages of DOS
DOS has direct access to only 640 kilobytes of
primary storage.
DOS is a single tasking operating system. It can

support only one user and one program at a time. DOS has a character-based interface.
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Windows 3.x
This is a graphics-based operating environment from Microsoft. This operating system runs under DOS. Thus, it is usually called "DOS with Windows. Windows operating system is very similar to the Macintosh desktop environment. In the Windows, users can run DOS applications and change data between them.
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Advantages of Windows 3.x

Windows allows cooperative multitasking capability. It provides memory manager to access more than 640KB of conventional memory. It provides dynamic data exchange function. Dynamic data exchange allows one program to request data or information from other programs. A graphical user interface (GUI).
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Disadvantages of Windows 3.x

At times data can be lost if Windows does not get back to a task soon enough. There are many application programs for Windows, but users frequently demand more powerful application programs that exceed the capabilities of Windows 3.x. Windows 3.x is not very efficient in network environment although it has a network version, Windows for Workgroup 3.11.
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Windows 9X
The operating system that succeeded the
combination of DOS with Windows. Two versions are Windows 95 and Windows 98.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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Advantages Windows 9X
It is predominantly a 32- bit system although it has 16-bit components included for compatibility with Windows 3.x.
It offers better preemptive multitasking. It supports longer filenames. It provides plug and play support.
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Advantages Windows 9X
It provides compatibility with existing DOS device drivers. It works as in standalone computer and in networked environment. It supports Windows for Workgroups, Novell and UNIX-style networks. It is easier to learn and use.
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Advantages of Windows 9X
It gives users better performance It has more capacity. It integrates applications better, connects better, and crashes less than its predecessor Windows 98 adds Web browsing capabilities. It has support for larger disks, supports DVDs and USB standards.
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Disadvantages of Windows 9X
The user interface of Windows NT is much better. Windows 9X uses a different model for device drivers than NT. Thus, not all Windows 95 applications run on NT without modification, and vice versa. Windows 9X is a mix of 16- and 32-bit application programming interface, but NT is solely a 32-bit interface.
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Macintosh Operating Systems

The operating system for Apples Macintosh line of computer systems. It uses graphical user interface. Files, folders, programs, and disks are represented by icons. It has a hierarchical file system that lets users drag document icons into and out of folder icons. Folders can also contain other folders and so on.
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Advantages of MAC OS
Ease of use and learn. The graphical user interface is more consistent across applications than they are in Windows. It offers easy plug and play. When install a board in a Mac, users need to plug it into a slot, drag its driver icon into the System Folder, and reboot the computer.
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It provides long filenames, integrated program and file management, desktop icons, and shortcuts. It has a great video architecture that allows users to add multiple monitors to a computer by adding another video board and hook up another monitor.
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It provides a high quality graphics processing for
desktop publishing.
The later versions of MAC OS enable users to

do multitasking. It has much better multimedia toolkit than Windows.
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Disadvantages of MAC OS
It is incompatible with DOS and Windows applications. However, software (e.g., Insignia's SoftWindows) are now available for the Mac to allow it to run Windows on PowerMac although it runs slowly. Another solution for this is that networks connecting Macintoshes to PCs are available these days.
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OS/2
OS/2 stands for Operating System 2. This is operating systems for powerful microcomputers and networking. OS/2 was designed to avoid some of the most serious limitations of DOS. OS/2 runs in 4MB of memory, although it runs well in an 8MB system. It requires about 30MB of hard disk space.
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OS/2
OS/2 WARP, the window version of OS/2, performs reasonably well in 4MB system and requires less disk space. Users do not need to abandon DOS and Windows to try out OS/2. OS/2 provides a dual boot feature that allows users to boot up in either DOS or OS/2. OS/2 uses folders much like those on the Macintosh and on some UNIX GUIs.
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Advantages of OS/2
It is full 32-bit operating system. It provides preemptive multitasking and multiuser support. It is significantly faster, it allows a long file name, and it supports disk drivers as large as 256 gigabytes.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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Advantages of OS/2
It allows dynamic data interchange. It also provides common graphical user interface with mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers by OS/2 WARP. OS/2 solidly supports most network interface cards.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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Disadvantages of OS/2
OS/2 Shell or WARP is similar to Windows, but is not identical. It may take users a while to adjust to some of the differences. The application programs developed specifically for OS/2 are not as many as those for Windows, although more and more application developers are going to converting and developing programs for OS/2 these days.
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Network Operating Systems
Windows NT (New Technology)

Window NT is a platform for 32-bit Windows applications. It also has a sophisticated multiuser security system, so Windows NT performs excellently as a disk server. NT has support for network services useful to applications like client/server database engines.
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Advantages of NT
It has better speed. It has the familiar Windows 3.x-style user interface, so users do not need to spend much time for learning. NT has a preemptive multitasking capability. It has much more reliable networking capability than that provided by Windows 3.x or Windows 9X.
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Disadvantages of NT
Windows NT is a platform for 32-bit Windows applications. 32- bit applications are not widely available yet. Still, 16-bit applications are prevailing in the software market. This operating system requires much resource.
Windows NT workstation requires 12MB of memory when run on Intel 486/Pentium computers (It runs in 8MB, but Microsoft recommends 12MB for NT to run adequately).
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Disadvantages of NT
Windows NT server requires 16MB. The NT requires at least 70MB of hard disk space only for the operating system. After all, this operating system requires too much for normal microcomputer users.
System Software
ICMAP/ZAQ/F1
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UNIX
UNIX was originally developed in 1969 by K.Thompson, R.Canaday and D.Ritchie for minicomputers in the Bell Laboratories in the USA owned and run by AT& T. By the mid-1970s, UNIX had been introduced to University of California at Berkeley by Thompson, then widespread into an academic world.
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UNIX
It is a multiuser, multitasking operating system that runs on many different computer systems from microcomputer to mainframe
UNIX is written in C programming language, which is a language designed for system-level programming.
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Advantages of UNIX
UNIX is the portable operating system that can be used with many different computers from mainframe to microcomputer. One of many strong features of UNIX is multitasking. UNIX allows users to run multiple programs simultaneously. UNIX also shares it among multiple users.
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Advantages of UNIX
UNIX is not restrained by the computer systems such as conventional memory as the DOS and OS/2 systems are. Networking is another strong feature of a UNIX operating system. UNIX can be connected through several different kinds of equipment. It can share files among them.
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Disadvantages of UNIX
It is difficult for novice microcomputer users to understand. Limited application programs are another disadvantage for UNIX. UNIX off-the-shelf programs for microcomputers are limited. However, this situation is going to change, because many software vendors are rewriting DOS and Windows applications for UNIX.
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There is not a standard for UNIX. The principal microcomputer versions are the AT& T UNIX System V, the UC Berkeley UNIX, and Xenix developed by Microsoft for a microcomputer version. AIX from IBM, Solaris, and Linux are other variants of UNIX. An application program written for one version of UNIX may not run on other versions.
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There is also not a standard GUI for many UNIXs. There were several attempts to combine the Sun, AT& T, and U.C. Berkeley versions of UNIX to produce a standard graphical user interface. One was Open Look (Sun/Open Windows) by Sun, AT& T and Berkeley. Another was an OSF/Motif by the Open Software Foundation (OSF).
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Chp10 SysSoft

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System Software

Operating System Functions

Interacting with Users

Making Resources Available

Scheduling Resources and Jobs

Such programs are called performance monitors.

Interleaved Processing Techniques

Personal Operating Systems

DOS is a single tasking operating system. It can

Advantages of Windows 3.x

Disadvantages of Windows 3.x

Macintosh Operating Systems

The later versions of MAC OS enable users to

Network Operating Systems

Windows NT (New Technology)

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