DISCUSSION

1. ACID-BASE TITRATION

pH INDICATOR
Phenolphthalein can't be used, as it starts to change color around pH 8.2, when phosphoric acid is titrated in about 95% In the first case acid has to be titrated against indicator changing color around pH 4.7 (for example methyl orange),

 in the second case - against indicator changing color around pH 9.6 (for example thymolphthalein)

 Titration curve is a plot of changes of some selected solution property during titration. Most titration curves have the same shape plateau in the first part, sharp rise (or fall) near equivalence point (inflection point of the curve), followed by the second flat part. The most important part of the curve is the one where the changes are the fastest - close to the inflection point. (help by pH indicator)

Buffer region Initial point

This is essentially a weak acid (HA) (aqueous solution) in a solution

In this region, the amount of strong base added is still not enough to neutralize completely the weak acid. Prior to reaching the equivalence point, part of HA is neutralized to A- (OH-). Thus, the solution will now contain both HA and a significant amount of A-.

Equivalence point

At this point, only the conjugate base of the weak acid needs our attention

Comparison of weak acid-strong base titration curve with strong acidstrong base titration curve

 A weak acid - strong base titration curve differs from a strong acid - strong base titration: I. In the region before II. At the equivalence point

Formula of Buffer
The word "buffer" is used to describe this solution, since it has the ability of being able to resist dramatic changes in pH upon addition of either a strong acid or a strong base. Before any base is added to the acid, the extent of the dissociation of the acid determines the H+(aq) concentration through the reaction: HA = H+(aq) + A-(aq) The conjugate base A- will react with any strong acid added while the weak acid HA will react with any strong base added.

 During the beginning of the titration, the number of moles of HA in solution will be reduced stoichiometrically by reaction with a strong base through the reaction:

Therefore, the addition of strong base to the weak acid creates a buffer just like mixing the salt of the weak acid to the acid. Is it clear how the equilibrium constant for this neutralization is related to the pKa of the acid HA (1014-pKa). Henderson-hasselbalch equation for the pH of a buffer

pH = pKa + log10([A-]/[HA])

 A monoprotic acid is an acid that donates only one proton or hydrogen atom per molecule to an aqueous solution.

ACETIC ACID

POLYPROTIC WEAK ACID

A polyprotic acid is an acid that can donate more than one proton or hydrogen atom per molecule to an aqueous solution.

Phosphoric acid

RESULTS

Reaction occur in the titration curve

First point (Half equivalence)

This point occurs halfway through a buffered region where the pH barely changes for a lot of base added. The pH will rise normally at first, but as it reaches a zone where the solution seems to be buffered, the slope levels out. This is as base is added to a solution in this buffer region, acetic acid reacts with it to form acetate ion, without a large change in pH.

 The half-equivalence point is when just enough base is added for half of the acid to be converted to the conjugate base, acetate ion. When this happens, the concentration of H+ ions equals the Ka value of the acid. How?

Examining equilibrium expression, at the half-equivalence point, [CH3COOH] = [CH3COO-], so

Ka = [H3O+] = [H+]

And taking the log and multiplying both sides by -1 yields

pKa = pH

Second point(Equivalence)
The second point is the higher equivalence point. Once the acid has been neutralized, notice the point is above pH=7. The equivalence point is the point at which the moles of OH are equal to the moles of H3O and can use to determine the concentration of acetic acid. When a weak acid is neutralized, the solution that remains is basic because of the acid's conjugate base remains in solution.

Titration of Phosphoric acid & NaOH

Reaction occur in the titration curve

 The third graph results from acids that have more than

one H+ ion to give up. These acids are called polyprotic acids.

At given pH only one acid form and one conjugate

base predominate pH range Dominant species 0 - 4.7 H3PO4, H2PO4-1 4.7 - 9.7 H2PO4-1, HPO4-2 9.7 - 14 HPO4-2, PO4-3

First hump (Equivalence) The curve shows the same trend as a weak acid titration where the pH does not change for a while, spikes up and levels off again.

Second hump (Equivalence)

Third hump (Equivalence)

The difference occurs when Third acid reaction are taking the second acid reaction are place. The same curve taking place. happens again where a slow change in pH is followed by a The same curve happens spike and leveling off. again where a slow change in pH is followed by a spike and leveling off.

Each 'hump' has it's own half- The second hump's halfequivalence point. equivalence point occurs at the point where half the The first hump's point occurs secondary acid is converted to when just enough base is the secondary conjugate base added to the solution to or that acid's Ka value. convert half the H+ ions from the first dissociation to its conjugate base, or it's Ka value.

The third hump's halfequivalence point occurs at the point where half the tertiary acid is converted to the tertiary conjugate base or that acid's Ka value.

pH = pKa = Half Equivalence

At equal acid and conjugate base concentrations, pH=pKa1. There are three such points for phosphoric acid. The solution has maximum buffer capacity at these points. In other words, there is maximum resistance to changes in pH.

 The above is the Henderson - Hasselbalch equation, the equation that describes the pH when a weak acid and its conjugate base are both present in solution. At half equivalence point, the moles of base added are only half the moles of acid originally present, the concentrations of the conjugate base and the remaining weak acid are the same. Therefore, at half-equivalence: pH = pKa

Equivalence points
The equivalence points can be identified in the fraction plot. At the first equivalence point [H3PO4] approaches zero. This occurs when [H2PO4-] is a maximum. At each equivalence point , the zone signify excess of OH ion. In fact, we can expect that the first equivalence point will occur at a pH of

 Similarly, the second equivalence point, laying halfway between the points where pH=pKa2 and pH=pKa3 is

At equivalence, the number of moles of base added is equal to the number of moles of HA acid initially present, so all of the acid is converted to its conjugate base anion. Therefore the dissociation is complete.