Beruflich Dokumente
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Questions
Definitions
Lillesand and Kiefer (1994) The science and art
of obtaining information acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object
collecting image or other forms of data from measurements made at a distance from the object, and the processing and analysis of the data.
back
disturbance
back
back
Decision
O3 absorption at 0.2 um
Human eye
Abstraction Finite number of specified (discrete) classes Scale (coarse) Sharp boundaries cartographic tradition, vector representation
2. Agricultural
A. Cropland B. Pasture C. Orchards
1. Etc
Scale
Scale of map determines the scale (and detail) of classes
Scale
Scale of imagery determines detail of what one sees
Forest Community types Individual tree species Branches, leaf City Neighborhood Block House (roof) & Garden
Sharp boundaries
Sharp
Political boundary Geological contact (unconformity)
Fuzzy
Vegetation community Wetland to dry area
In remote sensing: One class per pixel, and thus sharp boundaries
Spectral
Relative brightness Color
Remote Sensing
Usually purely spectral: each pixel classified independently
Band 2
Bn
Band 2
Bn
Classification Approaches
Supervised
Analyst identifies representative training sites for each informational class Algorithm generates decision boundaries
Unsupervised
Algorithm identifies clusters in data Analyst labels clusters
Supervised Classification
Analyst identifies training areas for each informational class Algorithm identifies signatures (mean, variance, covariance, etc) Classify all pixels Informational Class Map
Unsupervised Classification
Algorithm clusters data find inherent classes Classify all pixels based on clusters Spectral class map Analyst labels clusters (May involve grouping of clusters) Informational class map
Labeling of classes
Bispectral plots
Band 2
x x x x x
y y y y
Band 1
1 0.9 0.8
Reflectance (%)
Spectral curves
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Wavelength (micrometers)
Classification map
Frequency
DN Value of Band x
Assumptions: More pure pixels than mixed pixels Classes are distinctive
Frequency
DN Value of Band x
ISODATA
Iterative Self Organizing Data Analysis Technique More robust User specifies
Iteration
Maximum # Minimum change between iterations Maximum # (less usually found) Starting locations (along diagonal, or 1st PC, or arbitrary) Minimum # of pixels per cluster (e.g. 0.01% of the data, then merge) Maximum spread (e.g. if standard deviation large, then split)
Clusters
ISODATA Classification: 1
Initial classification from arbitrary cluster centers Minimum distance to means classification rule
x
x x Band 2 x x x x x x x
Total distance = 77
+
Band 1
ISODATA Classification: 2
Initial classification from arbitrary cluster centers Minimum distance to means classification rule
x
x x Band 2 x x
+
x x x x x
Total distance = 54
Band 1
ISODATA Classification: 3
Initial classification from arbitrary cluster centers Minimum distance to means classification rule Total distance = 26
x x Band 2 x x x x x x
+ x
+ x
Band 1
ISODATA Classification: 4
Initial classification from arbitrary cluster centers Minimum distance to means classification rule Total distance = 18
x x Band 2 x x x x x x
+ x
+x
Band 1
ISODATA Classification: 4
Initial classification from arbitrary cluster centers Minimum distance to means classification rule Total distance = 18 No changes in pixels between classes, therefore stop
x x Band 2 x x x x x x
+ x
+x
Band 1
MultiSpec RS Software
Research and education Long period development and refinement Freely available Supported by tutorials
http://cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu/~biehl/MultiSpec/