Introduction to Digital Electronics

Suplementary Reading
Digital Design by - John F. Wakerly
www.ddpp.com - you will find some solutions at this site. www.xilinx.com - Xlinix Web site

Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals by - M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime Digital Design by - M. Morris Mano Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design
by - Victor P. Nelson, H. Troy Nagle, J. David Irwin & Bill D. Carrol

Logic Gates

LOGIC GATES
Digital Computers

- Imply that the computer deals with digital information, i.e., it deals with the information that is represented by binary digits - Why BINARY ? instead of Decimal or other number system ? 1 * Consider electronic signal 0 binary
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

signal range
octal
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

* Consider the calculation cost - Add 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 0 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 00 1 5 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 6 6 7 8 9 101112131415 1 1 10 7 7 8 9 10111213141516 8 8 9 1011121314151617
9 9 101112131415161718

Digital Electronics
Digital Electronics represents information (0, 1) with only two discrete values. Ideally no voltage (e.g., 0v) represents a 0 and full source voltage (e.g., 5v) represents a 1 Realistically low voltage (e.g., <1v) represents a 0 and high voltage (e.g., >4v) represents a 1 We achieve these discrete values by using switches. We use transistor switches, which operates at high speed, electronically, a small in size.

Analog versus Digital

Analog systems process time-varying signals that can take on any value across a continuous range of voltages (in electrical/electronics systems). Digital systems process time-varying signals that can take on only one of two discrete values of voltages (in electrical/electronics systems).
Discrete values are called 1 and 0 (ON and OFF, HIGH and LOW, TRUE and FALSE, etc.)

Representing Information Electronically

A light bulb has to represent 4 different information:
Bulb off Bulb 1/3 lit Bulb 2/3 lit Bulb Full lit no student inside 1 student inside 2 student inside 3 student inside

A light bulb has to represent 10 different information:

Is it possible to differentiate the ten different light intensity?

Representing Information Electronically

A light bulb has to represent 2 different information:
Bulb off Bulb Full lit no student inside 1 student inside

A light bulb has to represent 4 different information:

How? With one bulb? Use two bulbs

A light bulb has to represent 10 different information:

Use four bulbs

Representing Information Electronically

Analog electronics deals with non-discrete values

Digital electronics deals with discrete values

Benefits of Digital over Analog

Reproducibility Not effected by noise means quality Ease of design Data protection Programmable Speed Economy

Digital Revolution
Digital systems started back in 1940s. Digital systems cover all areas of life:
still pictures digital video digital audio telephone traffic lights Animation

What is the Basic Digital Element in Electronics ?

a Switch

Using Switch to represent digital information

Integrated Circuits
A collection of one or more gates fabricated on a single silicon chip is called an integrated circuit (IC). ICs were classified by size:
SSI - small scale integration - 1~20 gates MSI - medium scale integration - 20~200 gates LSI - large scale integration - 200~200,000 gates VLSI - very large scale integration - over 1M transistors

Pentium-III - 40 million transistors

DIP Packages

Analog vs Digital
Analog
Continuous
Time
Every time has a value associated with it, not just some times

Magnitude
A variable can take on any value within a range

e.g.
temperature, voltage, current, weight, length, brightness, color

Digital vs. Analog Waveforms

Digital Systems
+5
1

+5 1 V Time 5 0

V 5

Time

Digital: only assumes discrete values

Analog: values vary over a broad range continuously

Quantization

Analog vs Digital
Digital
Discontinuous
Time (discretized)
The variable is only defined at certain times

Magnitude (quantized)
The variable can only take on values from a finite set

e.g.
Switch position, digital logic, Dow-Jones Industrial, lottery, batting-average

Analog to Digital
A Continuous Signal is Sampled at Some Time and Converted to a Quantized Representation of its Magnitude at that Time
Samples are usually taken at regular intervals and controlled by a clock signal The magnitude of the signal is stored as a sequence of binary valued (0,1) bits according to some encoding scheme

Digital to Analog
A Binary Valued, B = { 0, 1 }, Code Word can be Converted to its Analog Value Output of D/A Usually Passed Through Analog Low Pass Filter to Approximate a Continuous Signal Many Applications Construct a Signal Digitally and then D/A
e.g., RF Transmitters, Signal Generators

Digital is Ubiquitous
Electronic Circuits based on Digital Principles are Widely Used
Automotive Engine/Speed Controllers Microwave Oven Controllers Heating Duct Controls Digital Watches Cellular Phones Video Games

Why Digital?
Increased Noise Immunity Reliable Inexpensive Programmable Easy to Compute Nonlinear Functions Reproducible Small