Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Key Points
Involves 2 parents Each parent produces haploid gametes as a result of meiosis Gametes fuse at fertilization forming a diploid zygote Zygote develops into a new individual Increases genetic variation
Formation of Gametes
Gametes formed by sex organs Sex organs in Flowering Plants: anthers (male) pollen (male gametes) ovaries (female) ovules (female gametes) Sex organs (gonads) in Animals: testes (male) spermatozoa (male gametes) ovaries (female) ova (female gametes)
Meiosis
Reduction division (halves the chromosome number in the gametes) Only occurs during gamete formation Ensures gametes are haploid in chromosome number before fertilization occurs Involves 2 divisions of the nucleus (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
Gamete-Forming Cell
2n
Meiosis I n Meiosis II n n
Gametes
Significance of Meiosis
Brings about production of gametes Ensures each gamete has haploid number of chromosomes Allows genetic variation to occur
Crossing Over
2. Independent Assortment During first division of meiosis each chromosome in a homologous pair can line up when chromosomes pair up Results in the gamete cells at end of meiosis have different combinations of chromosomes
Independent Assortment
Gametogenesis
Process by which gametes are formed In animals: Oogenesis formation of ova Spermatogenesis formation of spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis
Structure of a Sperm
Importance
Releases enzymes to help sperm penetrate egg Contains males genetic material Provide energy via ATP for swimming Used for swimming
Oogenesis
Sperm
Egg
Fertilization in Humans
Fusion of nucleus of sperm with nucleus of ovum forming a zygote
Events of Fertilization
Inside female reproductive system acrosome of the sperm matures (becomes capable of releasing enzymes) When heads of sperms touch surface of secondary oocyte acrosome reaction triggered Acrosome releases enzymes to digest follicle cells and zona pellucida around oocyte
Head of one sperm eventually touches surface membrane of oocyte Oocyte now undergoes Meiosis II forming an ovum Head of sperm enters ovum (tail detaches) Inside ovum head swells and releases chromosomes Chromosomes of sperm fuse with chromosomes of ovum forming 2n zygote
Embryosac Formation
Fertilization in Flowers
To achieve fertilization flowers must be pollinated (pollen transferred from anthers to stigma) Pollination achieved typically by insects/wind Pollen grains germinate on stigma forming pollen tubes Tube nucleus in pollen grain controls growth of a pollen tube down style to ovule
Pollen tube carries male gametes (male nuclei) to embryosac inside ovule Tip of pollen tube bursts releasing 2 male nuclei inside embryosac Double fertilization now follows
Double Fertilization
one male nucleus (n) + 2 polar nuclei (2n) one male nucleus (n) + egg cell (n)