Chemical Transducer

Fuel Cells

Submitted By:
Dador, Judy Anne D.S. ECE109 / A12

Submitted To:
Engr. Joseph Bryan G. Ibarra

What is a Transducer?
A transducer is an electronic device that converts energy from one form to another. Transducers can be used to sense a wide range of different energy forms such as movement, electrical signals, radiant energy, thermal or magnetic energy etc, and there are many different types of both analogue and digital input and output devices available to choose from. Common examples of transducers include microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna.

Types of Transducers
There are two types of Transducers: Input Transducers and Output Transducers. Input type transducers, commonly known as sensors, produce a proportional output voltage or signal in response to changes in the quantity that they are measuring (the stimulus) and the type or amount of the output signal depends upon the type of sensor being used. Output transducers or actuators are designed to achieve some end effect, for example, opening of a valve or deflection of a control surface on an aircraft. Actuators, therefore, normally operate at high power levels.

Chemical Transducers
A chemical transducer is an electronic device that converts chemical energy into another form of energy (ex. electricity) by means of a chemical process.

Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used. Fuel cells are different from batteries in that they require a constant source of fuel and oxygen to run, but they can produce electricity continually for as long as these inputs are supplied.

Characteristics
Fuel Cells are made up of three segments which are sandwiched together: the anode, the electrolyte, and the cathode. Two chemical reactions occur at the interfaces of the three different segments. The net result of the two reactions is that fuel is consumed, water or carbon dioxide is created, and an electric current is created, which can be used to power electrical devices, normally referred to as the load. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 40-60%, or up to 85% efficient if waste heat is captured for use.

How it Works
At the anode a catalyst oxidizes the fuel, usually hydrogen, turning the fuel into a positively charged ion and a negatively charged electron. The electrolyte is a substance specifically designed so ions can pass through it, but the electrons cannot. The freed electrons travel through a wire creating the electric current. The ions travel through the electrolyte to the cathode. Once reaching the cathode, the ions are reunited with the electrons and the two react with a third chemical, usually oxygen, to create water or carbon dioxide. A fuel cell system which includes a "fuel reformer" can utilize the hydrogen from any hydrocarbon fuel from natural gas to methanol, and even gasoline. Since the fuel cell relies on chemistry and not combustion, emissions from this type of a system would still be much smaller than emissions from the cleanest fuel combustion processes.

Fuel Cell Process

Design Features
The most important design features in a fuel cell are:
The electrolyte substance. The electrolyte substance usually defines the type of fuel cell. The fuel that is used. The most common fuel is hydrogen. The anode catalyst, which breaks down the fuel into electrons and ions. The anode catalyst is usually made up of very fine platinum powder. The cathode catalyst, which turns the ions into the waste chemicals like water or carbon dioxide. The cathode catalyst is often made up of nickel.

Factors affecting its Output

A typical fuel cell produces a voltage from 0.6 V to 0.7 V at full rated load. Voltage decreases as current increases, due to several factors:
Activation loss Ohmic loss (voltage drop due to resistance of the cell components and interconnects) Mass transport loss (depletion of reactants at catalyst sites under high loads, causing rapid loss of voltage).

To deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series and parallel circuits, where series yields higher voltage, and parallel allows a higher current to be supplied. Such a design is called a fuel cell stack. The cell surface area can be increased, to allow stronger current from each cell.

Applications
Power - Stationary fuel cells are used for commercial, industrial and residential primary and backup power generation. Fuel cells are very useful as power sources in remote locations, such as spacecraft, remote weather stations, large parks, communications centers, rural locations including research stations, and in certain military applications. A fuel cell system running on hydrogen can be compact and lightweight, and have no major moving parts. Because fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion, in ideal conditions they can achieve up to 99.9999% reliability. This equates to less than one minute of downtime in a six year period.

Applications
Transportation - In terms of transportation, there are over 100 fuel cell buses deployed around the world today. Most buses are produced by UTC Power, Toyota, Ballard, Hydrogenics, and Proton Motor. UTC Buses have already accumulated over 970,000 km (600,000 mi) of driving. Fuel cell buses have a 30-141% higher fuel economy than diesel buses and natural gas buses. Other vehicles that use fuel cell nowadays are Forklifts, Motorcycles, Airplanes, Boats, Heavy-duty Trucks, etc.

Applications
Consumer Electronics - Fuel cells will change the telecommuting world, powering cellular phones, laptops and palm pilots hours longer than batteries. Companies have already demonstrated fuel cells that can power cell phones for 30 days with out recharging and laptops for 20 hours. Other applications for micro fuel cells include pagers, video recorders, portable power tools, and low power remote devices such as hearing aids, smoke detectors, burglar alarms, hotel locks and meter readers. These miniature fuel cells generally run on methanol, an inexpensive wood alcohol also used in windshield wiper fluid.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell http://www.fuelcells.org/ http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_1.html http://stereos.about.com/od/glossaryoftermst/g /transducer.htm