AP European History By: DJ Carroll

Post WWI effects set in, and society began to question its prior values and beliefs Many critics rejected the general faith in progress and the power of the rational human mind Paul Valry, French poet, wrote about how he saw the cruelly injured mind as it suffered from doubts and suffering This Intellectual crisis of the twentieth century effected almost every field of thought.

Freidrich Nietzsche believed that Western thinking was in decline because of Christian humility and an overstress on rational thinking Henri Bergson added that immediate experience and intuition was just as important as rational thinking Georges Sorel believed that socialism would succeed through a great violent strike of all working people.

Logical empiricism was a way of thought that rejected most of the concerns of traditional philosophy It dominance drastically reduced the scope of philosophical inquiry Existentialism stressed that humans can overcome the meaninglessness of life by individual action It was popular because it advocated positive human action at a time of hopelessness

A revitalization of fundamental Christianity took place after WWI Danish religious philosopher, Soren Kierkegaard stressed commitment to a remote and majestic God. Swiss theologian Karl Barth stressed the need to accept Gods truth through trust, not reason Catholic theologian Gabriel Marcel emphasized the need for hope and piety in a broken world

German Physicist Max Planck showed in 1900 that subatomic particles energy emitted in uneven little spurts Albert Einstein undermined Newtonian physics, and that only the speed of light is constant

Ernest Rutherford in 1919 showed that an atom could be split 1944-subatomic particles has been identified, the most important one being the neutron This was the road to the atomic bomb

According to Sigmund Freud, the key to understanding the human mind lay in, irrational unconscious, or id Rationalizing conscious was called the ego Ingrained moral values were given the name super-ego Freud's research revolutionized the old view on the human mind

The postwar moods of pessimism, relativism, and alienation influenced novelists. Uses of vivid descriptions of characters and their relationship to society

Literature focused on the complexity and irrationality of the human mind Marcel Proust attempted to discover the innermost meaning to his childhood memories in his autobiography

Steam of consciousness was a technique used by serious novelists to explore the psyche Ulysses James Joyce

Most famous stream of consciousness novel Internal monologues of random psychiatric patient

Jacobs Room Virginia Wolfe

The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner

"Modernism" in art and music meant constant experimentation and a search for new forms of expression.

Franco-Swiss genius Le Corbusier, emphasized efficiency and clean lines instead of ornamentation Germany was the leader in modern architecture.

The Bauhaus school under Gropius became the major proponent of functional and industrial forms.

The Chicago school of architects, led by Sullivan, pioneered in the building of skyscrapers. Frank Lloyd Wright designed truly modern houses featuring low lines, open interiors, and mass-produced building materials Many Europeans were inspired by these American mens examples of functional construction

French impressionism sought to portray the worlds of emotion and imagination, as in the works of van Gogh, Gauguin, Czanne, and Matisse

Cubism, founded by Picasso, concentrated on zigzagging lines and overlapping planes

Dadaism and surrealism became prominent in the 1920s and 1930s.

Dadaism delighted in outrageous conduct. Surrealists, inspired by Freud, painted wild dreams and complex symbols Nonrepresentational art turned away from nature completely; it focused on mood, not objects

The concept of expressionism also affected music, as in the work of Stravinsky and Berg. Schnberg and Stravinsky

Some composers, led by Schnberg, abandoned traditional harmony and tonality Stravinskys The Rite of Spring brought about a combination of pulsating, dissonant rhythms from the orchestra pit that attracted many people

The public of that time were primarily wrapped up in movies and radio Movie-going became a form of escapism and the main entertainment of the masses During the WWI, the U.S. became the dominant for in the rapidly expanding silent film industry

Radio, which became possible with Marconi's "wireless" communication and the development of the vacuum tube, permitted transmission of speech and music, but major broadcasting did not begin until 1920.
Then every country established national broadcasting networks; by the late 1930s, three of four households in Britain and Germany had a radio. Dictators and presidents used the radio for political propaganda.

a)

the world was perfectible only God was certain in this lost world

b)

c)

human beings can conquer lifes absurdity

no human action can bring meaning to life

d)

c) human beings can conquer lifes absurdity

a)

Practical and functional construction Freedom from town planning

b)

c)

Massive exterior ornamentation

Separation of fine from applied arts

d)

a)

Practical and functional construction

a)

Existentialism Christianity

b)

c)

Atheism and agnosticism

Dadaism

d)

b) Christianity

a) b)

Uncertainty and dissatisfaction with established ideas Increasing belief in the goodness and perfectibility of humanity

c)

Emphasis on the idea that a new science and technology

would build a more democratic and liberal world

d)

Religious revival based on the human nature of Christ and

the basic goodness of human beings

a)

Uncertainty and dissatisfaction with established ideas

a)

Great philosophical issues can never be decided

b)

Humanity must accept all truths as being absolute

c)

Humanity is basically sinful

d)

There is no God

a)

Great philosophical issues can never be decided

a) b)

The reconstruction of society An attempt to discover the reasons for the loss of faith in God The conflict between materialism and spiritualism The complexity and irrationality of the human mind

c)

d)

d) The complexity and irrationality of the human

mind

a) b) c) d)

The Bauhaus movement Brutalism Dadaism Cubism

c) Dadaism

a) b) c) d)

The Bauhaus movement Brutalism Dadaism Cubism

a)

b)
c) d)

Human behavior is basically irrational The id is the key to understanding the mind Neither A nor B Both A and B

d)

Both A and B

a)
b) c) d)

Football Motion pictures The music hall The pub

b) Motion pictures

a)
b) c) d)

Walter Gropius Frank lloyd Wright Louis H. Sullivan Mies van der Rohe

a)

Walter Gropius

a)
b) c)

d)

Struck critics as a return to classical music models Was reviled as the musical version of Dadaism Nearly caused a riot of its sexuality and dissonance Was ignored, and recognized as a masterpiece only decades later

c)

Nearly caused a riot of its sexuality and dissonance

a)
b) c)

d)

A futuristic totalitarian state A futuristic utopia of peace and equality A day in the life of one man, parallel to the adventures of Ulysses Functionalism

a)

A futuristic totalitarian state

a)

Classicism

b) c) d)

Capitalism French impressionism German romanticism

c)

French impressionism

a)
b) c) d)

Marie Curie Karl Barth Werner Heisenberg Sigmund Freud

c)

Werner Heisenberg

a)
b) c) d)

France Britain Sweden The United States

c)

Sweden