Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
15 February 2007
Applicable standards
Classification of areas Basic principles of explosive atmospheres
Responsibilities Summary
Subject matter is vast. Can re-visit certain areas later and drill down further
ABB Group - 3 2-May-12
Present customer base does not appear to be aware of implications and ramifications of an EX MV motor.
Members of the Rotating Machines Working Group We are able to pass on the basics to others Increase awareness Customer and OEM/Repair Facility need to co-operate Select correct product for the correct environment Aim is to eliminate possibility of explosion that results in loss of life and damage to equipment
Role Players
Customer
Intermediary / intermediaries
OEM or Repair facility Technical committees who lay down the specifications
Objective is to facilitate international trade in electrical equipment for use in explosive atmospheres
Statutory Authority
SABS, Explolabs
Scope of Discussion
Base discussion on one internationally accepted standard Define basic principles of explosive atmospheres Two groups for electrical apparatus defined:
Group I apparatus for mines susceptible to fire damp. Group II apparatus used in places other than mines.
European Standards
EN European Norm IEC International Electrotechnical Commission European Directive 94/9/EC ATEX 100a (July 2003) NEC National Electric Code
South Africa
Todays discussion:
CURRENT ED.
4.0, Jan 2004
PREVIOUS ED.
3.1, June 2000 3.0, Amdt A1,2000 3.0, 1998 2.0, 1983
Flameproof enclosures 'd' Pressurised enclosures 'p' Equipment protection by increased safety 'e'
4.0, 2001 3.0, 1983 3.0, Nov 2001 2.0, Amdt 2, 1993 2.0, Amdt 1, 1991 2.0, 1990
IEC 60079-11 Equipment protection by intrinsic safety 'i' IEC 60079-15 Construction, test and marking of type of protection 'n' electrical apparatus
ABB Group - 7 2-May-12
4.0, Feb 1999 3.0, 1991 2.0, Feb 2001 1.0, 1987
1.0, 1993
IEC SPECIFICATION
IEC 60079-0 IEC 60079-2 IEC 60079-7 4.0, Jan 2004 4.0, Feb 2001 4.0, July 2006
IEC EQUIV.
IEC 60079-0 4.0, Jan 2004 IEC 60079-2 4.0, Feb 2001 IEC 60079-7, 3.0, 2001 IEC 60079-11, 4.0, 1999 IEC 60079-15 3.0, Mar 2005 IEC 60079-19 1.0, 1993
SANS RELEASE
29-Apr-05 21-Sep-01 24-Jan-03 10-Sep-99 02-Jun-06 05-Aug-96
IEC 60079-11 5.0, July 2006 IEC 60079-15 3.0, Mar 2005 IEC 60079-19 2.0, Oct 2006
Mixture of air under atmospheric conditions and flammable substances in the form of gases, vapours, mists or dusts in which, after ignition has occurred, combustion spreads to the entire unburned mixture. Atmospheric conditions typically:
Ignition sources:
Electric arcs and/or sparks Flames Electrostatic sparks Mechanical sparks produced by grinding
Hazard Triangle
IGNITION SOURCE
Definition of Zones
Zone 0
A place in which an explosive atmosphere is present continuously, for long periods or frequently. No electric motors can be installed in Zone 0.
Zone 1
Zone 2
A place in which an explosive atmosphere is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it does occur, will persist for a short period only
ABB Group - 13 2-May-12
All gases and vapours require oxygen to make them flammable. Too much or too little oxygen and there will not be an ignition Only exception is acetylene Upper and lower concentration is known as explosive limit
LEL - UEL
1.50% 4.00% 2.70% 6.70% 2.00% to to to to to 100% 75% 34% 36% 9.50%
GAS GROUP
IIC IIC IIB IIA IIA
Temperature Classification
The maximum surface temperature of an electrical or mechanical apparatus must always be lower than the ignition temperature of surrounding gases/vapours mixed with air at normal pressure.
MAXIMUM SURFACE TEMP. OF APPARATUS (C)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 450 300 200 135 100 85
TEMPERATURE CLASS
Types of Protection
Basic standard requirement is IEC 60079-0 Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres Part 0: General requirements
TYPE OF PROTECTION
Ex nA - Non-Incendive Ex e - Increased safety Ex d - Flameproof enclosure Ex p - Pressurisation
STANDARD
IEC 60079-15 IEC 60079-7 IEC 60079-1 IEC 60079-2
PERMITTED IN ZONE
2 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2
PERMITTED IN ZONE
0, 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2 1 and 2 2
Ex nA Machines
The protection of an Ex nA machine is to prevent sparks and hot surfaces inside and outside of the machine enclosure in normal operation. Normal operation
Situation when machine is operating within its design parameters, Does NOT include start and stall conditions.
ABB Group - 17 2-May-12
IP protection for enclosures containing bare live parts shall be a minimum of IP54. Present IEC specification is IEC 60079 -15, Third ed., March 2005. Superceded IEC 60079 -15, Second ed., Feb 2001.
Ex nA Machines (cont.)
Note 1: It is not the responsibility of the certifying body or testing station to check compliance. Note 2: Under adverse conditions it not the responsibility of the certifying body or testing station to confirm suitability for the adverse conditions. These notes have been removed from the 3rd edition.
Ex nA Machines (cont.)
Ex nA Machines (cont.)
Ex nA Machines (cont.)
Ex e Machines
The protection of an Ex e machine is to prevent sparks and hot surfaces inside and outside of the machine enclosure in normal operations INCLUDING starts and also in typical fault conditions, such as stalling. Present IEC specification is IEC 60079 -7, Fourth ed., July 2006. Superceded IEC 60079 -7, Third ed., November 2001. Start and Stall Requirements:
Limiting T-Class not to be exceeded during starting with maximum temperature 300 C.
Ex e Machines (cont.)
Ex e Machines (cont.)
Ex e Machines (cont.)
Ex e Machines (cont.)
POTENTIAL STATOR WINDING DISCHARGE RISK ASSESSMENT ( TABLE 5) Characteristics Rated voltage Average Starting Frequency in service Time between detailed inspections Degree of protection (IP Code) Environmental Conditions Value 2) > 3,3 kV to 6,6 kV 2) > 1 / day 3) > 2 to 5 years 3) IP55 2) Coastal outdoor TOTAL Factor 2 2 1 1 3 9
Stator ignition test to be performed, anti-condsentaion heaters needed and purging necessary
POTENTIAL AIR GAP SPARKING RISK ASSESSMENT ( TABLE 4) Characteristics Rotor cage construction Number of poles Rated ouput Radial cooling ducts in rotor Rotor or stator skew Rotor overhang parts Temperature class Value 1) Fabricated rotor cage 3) > 8-pole 3) ? 200 kW per pole 2) Yes: L ?200 mm (see note 1) 3) No 2) Compliant 2) T3 TOTAL Factor 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4
2nd ed.
Factor 2 2 1 1 3 9
3rd ed.
Factor 2 2 1 1 3 9
Stator ignition test to be performed, anti-condsentaion heaters needed and purging necessary
POTENTIAL AIR GAP SPARKING RISK ASSESSMENT ( TABLE 4) Characteristics Rotor cage construction Number of poles Rated ouput Radial cooling ducts in rotor Rotor or stator skew Rotor overhang parts Temperature class Value 1) Fabricated rotor cage 3) > 8-pole 3) ? 200 kW per pole 2) Yes: L ?200 mm (see note 1) 3) No 2) Compliant 2) T3 TOTAL
Rotor ignition test and purging required
2nd ed.
Factor 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4
3rd ed.
Factor 3 0 0 1 0 0 2 6
Ex e Machines (cont.)
Sinusoidal voltage of 1.5 rated rms line voltage for 3 minutes Maximum rate of voltage rise is 0.5 kV/s
6.2.3.1.4
Ex p Machines
Px pressurization
Pressurization that reduces the classification within the pressurized enclosure from Zone 1 to non-hazardous.
Py pressurization
Pressurization that reduces the classification within the pressurized enclosure from Zone 1 to Zone 2
Pz pressurization
Pressurization that reduces the classification within the pressurized enclosure from Zone 2 to non hazardous
Present IEC specification is IEC 60079 -2, Fourth ed., February 2001.
Ex p Machines (cont.)
Growing trend to Ex p machines Concept of Ex nA in that the probability of a flammable gas being present in sufficient volume coupled with a simultaneous probability of an abnormal condition was deemed very low. Certain experiences in Europe have been to the contrary. Customers prefer to install an EX p machine where once they had an Ex nA machine. Especially in large capitally intensive units. Only solution where a customer would like a large 11 kV Ex e machine. Present requirements for Ex e certification includes high cost and high risk to OEMs. Basic concept is to make the inside environment of the machine a non-hazardous area, i.e. safe.
Ex p Machines (cont.)
Maintenance of overpressure
Ex p Machines (cont.)
Ex p Machines (cont.)
Look for dead-spots Provide means to agitate these spots to move hazardous gas out
Test machine under purge and running conditions Verify results with CFD predictions
Responsibilities
In a nutshell - Everyone
Testing bodies need to be fully conversant with the dynamic field of hazardous areas
Agree on what is expected for the hazardous area certification BEFORE not AFTER.
Summary
ABB Group - 35 2-May-12