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Microprocessor & Microcontroller Based System

Shahid S. Jan Assistant Professor

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CAPTURE/COMPARE MODULE
PIC16C74A has two CCP Modules
CCP1 & CCP2

Each CCP module contains a 16 bit register (two 8-bit registers) and can operate in one of the three modes
16-bit capture 16-bit compare 10-bit Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
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CAPTURE/COMPARE MODULE
CCP1 Module: Consists of two 8-bit registers, viz., CCPR1L (low byte) and CCPR1H (high byte). The CCP1CON register controls the operation of CCP1 Module.
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CAPTURE/COMPARE MODULE
CCP2 Module: Consists of two 8 bit registers, CCPR2L (Low byte) and CCPR2H (high byte). The CCP1CON register controls the operation of CCP2 Module.
Both CCP1 and CCP2 modules are identical in operation with the exception of the operation of special event trigger.
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CAPTURE/COMPARE MODULE
Timer resources for the CCP Mode.
CCP1CON Register (Address 17H )
CCP MODE CAPTURE COMPARE PWM TIMER USED TIMER 1 TIMER 1 TIMER 2

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CAPTURE/COMPARE MODULE
CCP2CON Register is exactly similar to CCP1CON register. CCP2CON Register address is 1DH. CCP1CON controls CCP module1 where as CCP2CON controls CCP Module2.
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CAPTURE MODULE
Capture Mode (CCP1): Capture Mode captures the 16-bit value of TMR1 into CCPR1H:CCPR1L register pair in response to an event occurring on RC2/CCP1 pin. Capture Mode for CCP2 is exactly similar to that of CCP1.

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CAPTURE MODULE
An event on RC2/CCP1 pin is defined as follows:
Every falling edge Every rising edge. Every 4th rising edge. Every 16th rising edge. Decided by bit 3-0 of CCP1CON register

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CAPTURE

MODULE

Capture mode of operation Required condition for capture mode 1.RC2/CCP1 pin to be configured input by setting TRISC (bit 2).

2. Timer 1 should be operated from the internal clock (fosc/4), i.e., timer mode or in synchronized counter mode.
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CAPTURE MODULE
Capture operation

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COMPARE MODULE
Compare mode for CCP2 similar to CCP1
Except that in special event trigger mode, CCP1 resets TMR1 only, whereas CCP2 resets TMR1 and starts A/D conversion if A/D module is enabled.

In compare mode, the 16-bit CCPR1 register value is compared against TMR1 register pair (TMR1H and TMR1L) value. When a match occurs, the RC2/CCP1 pin is driven high or driven low or remains unchanged as decided by CCP1CON<3:0> bits.
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COMPARE MODULE
Required conditions for compare mode 1. RC2/CCP1 pin must be configured as an output by clearing TRISC<2> bit. 2. Timer-1 should be operated in timer mode (i.e., internal clock source of fosc/4) or in synchronized counter mode.
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COMPARE MODULE
Compare operation
In special event trigger mode, both CCP1 and CCP2 initiates an A/D conversion.

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PWM MODE
Both CCP1 and CCP2 have similar operation in PWM mode. In PWM mode, the CCP1 pin produces upto a 10-bit resolution Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) output. RC2/CCP1 pin should be configured in the output mode by clearing TRISC<2> bit.
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PWM OPERATION

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PWM OPERATION
PR2 (Period Register, 8 bit) decides the PWM period CCPR1L (8-bits) and CCP1CON <5:4> (2-bits) decide the PWM duty cycle. When TMR2 equals PR2, the SR latch is set and RC2/CCP1 pin is pulled high. In the same time, TMR2 is cleared and the duty cycle value available in CCPR1L is latched to CCPR1H. CCPR1H, CCP1CON <5:4> decide the duty cycle when this 10-bit equals the TMR2+2 prescaler or Q-bits, the SR latch is set and RC2/CCP1 pin is driven low.
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PWM
A PWM output as shown has a time period. The time for which the output stays high is called duty cycle.

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PWM PERIOD
PWM period is specified by writing to PR2 register. PWM period can be calculated using the following formula:
PWM period = [( PR 2) + 1] 4 T osc (TMR2 prescale value) PWM frequency = 1/ PWM period

When TMR2 is equal to PR2, the following events occur on the next increment cycle. TMR2 is cleared CCP1 pin is set PWM duty cycle is latched from CCPR1L into CCPR1H
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PWM DUTY CYCLE

PWM duty cycle is specified by writing to the CCPR1L register and to CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > bits. Up to 10-bit resolution is available where CCPR1L contains the eight MSBs & CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > contains the two LSB's. 10-bit value represented by CCPR1L : CCP1CON < 5 : 4 >. The PWM duty cycle is given by
PWM duty cycle = (CCPR1L : CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > ). T osc . (TMR2 prescale value)

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

10-bit counter configuration from Timer-2
Counting mechanism of Timer-2

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

If the prescaler is 1, the 10-bit counter is configured as follows Prescaler set to divide by one

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

If the prescaler is 4, the 10-bit counter is configured as follows.

Pre-scaler programmed to divide by four

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

If the prescaler is 16, the 10-bit counter is realized as follows. Prescaler programed to divide by 16

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

CCPR1L and CCP1CON < 5 : 4 > can be written anytime, the duty cycle value is not latched into CCPR1H until a match between PR2 and TMR2 occurs. In PWM mode, CCPR1H is a read-only register. The CCPR1H register and a 2-bit internal latch are used to double buffer the PWM duty cycle.

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

This double buffering is essential for glitch less PWM operation. When the CCPR1H and 2-bit latch match TMR2 concatenated with an internal 2-bit Q clock or 2bits of prescaler, the CCP1 pin is cleared.

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PWM DUTY CYCLE

Maximum PWM resolution (bits) for a given PWM frequency can be calculated as

Resolution =

bits

If the PWM duty cycle is longer than the PWM period, then the CCP1 pin will not be cleared.
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PWM PERIOD AND DUTY CYCLE CALCULATION

Example: Desired PWM frequency = 78.125 kHz f osc = 20MHz TMR2 Prescalar = 1 Find the maximum resolution of duty cycle that can be used with a 78.124 kHz frequency and 20 MHz oscillator.

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PWM PERIOD AND DUTY CYCLE CALCULATION

256 = 2PWM Resolution At most, an 8-bit resolution duty cycle can be obtained from a 78.125 kHz frequency and 20 MHz oscillator ie, 0 CCPR1L : CCP1CON <5 : 4> 255 . Any value greater than 255 will result in a 100 % duty cycle. The following table gives the PWM frequency fPWM if fosc = 20MHz
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END OF LECTURE

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