Capitalism: An exploitative System

Let us observe some important stats of the beacon of Capitalist State

The United States of America

In America:
In America:
37 million people live below the official poverty line12.6 percent of the total population At least 2.3 million people experience homelessness at some point each year, including nearly 1 million children The richest among them has more wealth than the bottom 45 percent of the households combined

Capitalist system:

Polarization of Wealth is the Hallmark of Capitalist system

Net worth and financial wealth distribution in the U.S. in 2007

Rich getting richer and poor getting poorer

Microsoft CEO Bill Gates has more wealth than the bottom 45 percent of American households combined.
Business Week reports that in 1999 top executives earned 419 times the average wage of a blue-collar worker, up from 326:1 in 1998. In 1980, the ratio was 42:1.

Concentration of Wealth in the West

Percentage of wealth held by the Top 10% of the adult population in various Western countries Country
Switzerland United States Denmark France Sweden UK Canada Norway Germany Finland

wealth owned by top 10%

71.3% 69.8% 65.0% 61.0% 58.6% 56.0% 53.0% 50.5% 44.4% 42.3%

Where is the world headed!!!!!

An analysis of the trend of the widening gap between the rich and the poor countries

Year 1820 1913 1950 1973 1992

Poor: Rich ratio

3:1 11:1 35:1 44:1 72:1

System not Resources

Pakistan's misery due to the rotten Capitalist system not because of lack of resources!

Comparison

Islamic Economic System vs Capitalist System

Economic Problem
Khilafah
Human needs are of two types
Basic Needs (limited) Luxurious Needs

Democracy
Human needs are unlimited while there are limited resources to fulfil them

World resources are enough to fulfil basic needs of all the people of world 1 Solution: Solution: Distribution of wealth and resources to Needs of all the people wont be guarantee all basic needs to each fulfilled individual Increase Production to fulfil Create opportunities so that maximum needs of as many people as number of people can work to fulfil there possible luxurious needs Rules related to collection of funds and its distribution constitute Economic System and cannot be taken from other than Islam Methods to increase production is Economic Science and can be taken from other civilizations including the West

Resources are limited- Non sense

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) reported in 1998 that the world's 225 richest people now have a combined wealth of $1 trillion. That's equal to the combined annual income of the world's 2.5 billion poorest people. As of 1995 (the latest figures available), Federal Reserve research found that the wealth of the top one percent of Americans is greater than that of the bottom 95 percent According to the US Census Bureau, 35.9 million people live below the poverty line in America including 12.9 million children. (http://www.census.gov) The wealth of the three most well-to-do individuals now exceeds the combined GDP of the 48 least developed countries UNDP calculates that an annual 4 percent levy on the world's 225 most well-to-do people (average 1998 wealth: $4.5 billion) would suffice to provide the following essentials for all those in developing countries: adequate food, safe water and sanitation, basic education, basic health care and reproductive health care.

Ownership

Economic System:

Ownership & Types of Properties

Khilafah Capitalism
Three types of ownership Freedom of ownership Individual Individuals or companies can own anything and Public everything State companies are Oil, Gas1, non-delectable minerals2 etc Multinational public properties free to own and anything on which society depends such as oil, gas, parks etc and people will disperse in pursuit for it, They are free to spend or remains in public ownership hoard the wealth as they If these were owned individually this will please deny the public from benefiting from these huge resources, creating misery for the common man Huge resources for peoples welfare Cost of utilities much lower The foundation of economic colonisation

Economic System:

Pakistans Privatization Drive

Privatized
ABL, HBL, UBL, MCB Bankers Equity Ltd Hub Power Co, Kot Addu Power Co PTCL (Ufone, Paknet, TIP, CTI) Steel Mill (Decision Reversed) Ghee Corporation of Pakistan KESC UCH Power Ltd, Saba Power Ltd Dharki Power Ltd Oil and Gas exploration Licenses are innumerable

To Be privatized
OGDCL, PSO, PPL, SNGPL, SSGPL NIT, ICP Sindh Engineering, Bolan Textile Lyallpur Chemical and Fertilizer Co. Javedan Cement, Karachi Shipyard Republic Motors, Lasbella Textiles Heavy Mechanical Complex HPFL (Hazara Phosphate Fertilizer Limited) Jamshoro Power Co, Pak Arab Fertilizer, Mustahekam Cement

In first ten month of 2004-2005 assets worth $3.6 billion has been sold: Survey 2005:2006 Current year privatization target is 75 billion rupees.

Taxation

Taxation in a Capitalist System

Tax the poor and average man

Give tax-breaks to the

Rich Multinational companies Landlords

Taxes in America
Who Benefits from Bush's Tax Cuts?
George Bush's 2001 $1.3 Trillion tax cut was the largest in US history The Top 1% supper-rich got 37 % of Bush's tax cut as saving ($481 billion) Whilst the bottom 80% of Americans only got 29 % of the total tax cut ($377 bn)

The tax cut savings clearly shows that Bush works for the Super-Rich, and that he is willing to promote their interests above those of all other Americans

Taxes in Pakistan

Agriculture sector in Pakistan contributes 40% to the GDP whilst astonishingly its contribution to the tax revenue is a meager 1%
GST, which is an indirect tax extracted from common man, constitutes 37% of the total tax-revenue of Pakistan

No Zakat taken from the land mafia which owns billions of rupees of land for the last decade or so. Islam requires a Muslim to give two and half percent of the value of the tradable goods in alms as Zakat
Currently No Ushr and Kharaj being levied on Agriculture produce No wonder in democracy the elite legislate laws to tax the poor and give tax breaks to themselves

Indirect Vs Direct Taxes

direct taxes, 557300, 37% Indirect Taxes, 955760, 63%

Taxes Comparison
2009-10
Other, 1560, 0% Carbon Surcharge on POL, 122000, 8% Carbon Surcharge on CNG, 12000, 1%

2008-9
Other 2% FED 9% Income taxes 37% sales tax 38% customs 14% customs, 167200, 11%

FED , 137400, 9%

direct taxes, 557300, 37%

sales tax, 515600, 34%

Evidences

Economic System:

Taxes
Khilafah
No Taxes on common man1

Capitalism

GST, Income Tax, Withholding tax, toll 63.93% (Rs 840 billion) of revenue of Pakistan comes from taxes on the people taxes etc are all haram and will be as per the budget 2006-07 figures. abolished

of these taxes billion) There will be following permanent Out indirect taxation67.66% (Rs 569paid by are that are to be sources of revenues even a beggar, unemployed, handicapped, 2

Al-Kharaj Al-Jizya 3 Al-Ushr 4 The fifth of Al-Rikaz 5 (hidden treasures minerals) Import and export duty on foreign traders 6 Zakat on import and export of the Muslim Trader 7 Hima (Protecting from public properties)

widow, elderly people and children without any differentiation.

Laws related to Agricultural land

Economic System:

Agriculture and Land laws

Khilafah
Lease of agricultural (Muzariyat) is haram1

Capitalism
lands Leasing of agricultural lands is permitted

Agricultural land if not used for 3 No such restriction applies to an years will be confiscated2 and owner. He is free to do whatever allotted to someone who would he pleases cultivate it Anybody who occupies a dead land No such incentive in the current (outside the planned city area) and Pakistani system revives it by building a house or a factory etc becomes the owner of the land as well

Prohibition of Muzarat coupled with obligation to cultivate land will give rise to land distribution of optimum productivity Eradicates injustice to Muzarays. Delivers a fatal blow to the colonialist Feudal system (jageer darana nizam)

Evidences
1. 2. 3. 4. It was narrated by al-Bukhari that the Messenger of Allah said: Whoever has land let him plant upon it or grant it to his brother. If he declined let him hold his land. Muslim also narrated, The Messenger of Allah forbade a rent or a share be taken for the land. The Sunan of An-Nisai states: The Messenger of Allah forbade leasing the land.We said, O Prophet of Allah, can we then lease it for some of the grain. He said, No. We said, We used to lease it for the straw. He said, No.We said, We used to lease it in return of that on the irrigating Rabeea. He said, No, plant it or grant it to your brother. Abu Dawud has narrated from Rafia ibn Khadeej that the Prophet also said, Whoever has land, he has to plant upon it or let his brother plant upon it, and he cannot lease it for its third or fourth or a specified food.

Evidences
1. 2. 3. Bukhari related from Aisha (ra) that the Messenger of Allah said: Whosoever cultivated a land that is not owned by anybody, then he deserved it more. Abu Dawud narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Whosoever fenced a (dead) land it becomes his Bukhari narrated from Umar (ra) that he said: Anyone who cultivated a dead land it becomes his. Muslims and the Dhimmi are equal in this matter, because the Hadith is general in its words.

Evidences
1. By completing the revival, ownership is completed and the land is officially transferred to the peasant. All this must happen before the end of three years after the allocation. This came in the narration narrated by Tawus from Umar ibn Al-Khattab who said: The muhtajir (who shield a land) has no right after three. Umar implemented this ruling while Sahabah were present and they all approved of this. Hence it becomes Ijma as-Sahabah for us and a Shari daleel.

Residential Land
Khilafah Capitalism
The State guarantees housing for The system doesnt allow the the one who is in capable to build a people to use the resources which house for himself and his relatives Allah has bestowed to man are also poor cannot support him The Prophet (SAW) said: The Son of Adam has rights to food, clothing and shelter.

Common mans biggest problem in building a house is the inflated prices of residential land that can easily be solved through the Khilafah state.

Currency

Currency
Khilafah
Metallic Currency
Gold Silver Any other precious metal Currency notes can be used in lieu of gold and silver Dollar Euro

Capitalism
Fiat currency backed by confidence

Protects the currency from foreign control Puts a check on devaluation and fake inflation Return of the Gold standard will strike a fatal blow to the colonialist economy

Riba

Riba
Khilafah
Interest transactions not allowed1

Capitalism

Freedom of ownership allows people to hoard money No interest based debt servicing Encourages the wealthy to under Riba is the bate for the people to take money out of circulation/ investment take local investment rather than and to put into deposit account depositing their money in high interest deposit accounts In 2006:07 Pakistan will pay 295 billion rupees in interest payment. This is 55 billion more than all foreign loan and grants for the year.
Relief to common man/ investor No interest servicing to IMF and WB.

Evidences
1. That is because they say: Selling is just like usury. Whereas Allah permitted selling and prohibited usury. [AlBaqarah: 275]

Investment before the advent of Banks

In a society devoid of Banks investors are in need of entrepreneurs and businessmen to help increase their wealth On the other hand the skilled labour, inventors and businessmen are in need of investment in order to generate more wealth Hence it is a marriage of convenience for both parties They join together in a partnership to benefit from each other such that the investor bears the risk and the other partner does the work Investor Investor Investor Trader Investor Investor Investor Businessman Skilled labour Entrepreneur

Inventor

Bank monopolizes the wealth of the society

Skilled labour The Bank drains the society off of Investor its wealth by guarantying the investor of sure profit (interest) Investor Entrepreneur As a result an entrepreneur and skilled labourer is forced to Investor borrow money from the bank on 20% exploitative terms. Trader 12% Interest According to the contract not only Investor Bank Profit the borrower has to pay hefty Businessman interest but he also has to return Banks Profit = (20-12)% Investor the principle amount in full even though if his business was in loss. Inventor This produces a win-win situation Investor for the investor and the bank. Hence the rich becomes richer and the poor poorer

In Muslim societies Banks were not very successful

In Muslim societies since people considered Interest as haram therefore Banks was not in total control of the money flow in the society. Billions of dollars of money remained outside Banks control. And skilled labour didnt need to go to the bank to borrow money as investors were there to help them. As a result banks who thrive on monopolising the money and then forcing people into exploitative contracts couldnt function properly. Investor Investor Investor Trader Investor 12% Investor Profit Investor 20% Businessman Interest Inventor Skilled labour

Entrepreneur

Bank
Banks Profit = (20-12)%

Islamic Banking is helping Capitalist Banks

The Banks opened up a Window for Islamic Banking through which Muslims were encouraged to give their money to the banks instead of investing it themselves following Islamic laws This achieved the objective of draining the society off of wealth and hence the skilled labour has become more dependent on the Banks Hence Islamic Banking has actually helped Capitalist system by having stronger grip on the money flow and hence exploit the masses Investor Investor Investor Investor 12% Investor Profit Investor Skilled labour

Islamic Banking

$ $ $

Entrepreneur

Trader 20% Businessman Interest Inventor

Bank
Banks Profit = (20-12)%

Islamic Banking in the Capitalist system

Islamic banking is also tool via which the Imperialist forces engage sincere Muslim in the current Kufr system and deceive them in believing that they can have an Islamic system within the frame work of the existing Kufr Capitalist system. As a result enormous time and effort is wasted in trying to reform this kufr system instead of uprooting it and implementing Islamic system in a comprehensive and radical manner

Banking System
Khilafah Capitalism
Bank do not serve as financial Banks acts as financial intermediaries intermediaries. Hence in capitalist sense there are no banks. They provide services like debit card, LC for import export, Online fund They will provide services of the transfer, internet payments, credit like debit card, LC for import cards. Financing for various heads on export, Online fund transfer, interest etc internet payments, etc. They will facilitate/establish communication between the A source of hoarding of wealth investor (Muwakkil) and worker (Mudharib)

Khilafah takes advantage of financial institutions providing financial services and networking whilst protecting the masses from the current banks system which spread their evil through hoarding of wealth, marginal reserve system and interest etc.

Banks in the Khilafah

The banks can continue to undertake all non-interests based services and take service charges on them such as:
Current accounts for its customers Money Transfer Cash Station Cards Lockers for valuable items LC (Bank as a Guarantor)

Investor

Trader
Investor Investor Investor Businessman

Inventor

The banks can also act as financial advisors and facilitate the marriage of investors and entrepreneurs /businessmen etc. Government bank will also provide grants and interest free loans to its citizens to enhance economic activity

Only introduces the two parties and takes service charges for its effort

Bank

Bank is not a part of the financial contract Bank is only a financial adviser and facilitator similar to that of a property dealer

Company Structure

Company Structure
Khilafah Capitalism
All contracts should conform to Man made laws aimed at benefiting contracts laid down by shariah. corporates are to be complied. Hence exploitation of the needy is Rules have been written to benefit not possible those who wrote them. Golden rule! he who has the gold rules Public limited companies Illegal. Stock-exchange an integral part of i.e. no stock exchanges, futures western corporate business. trading etc. in Khilafah Speculative contracts lead to fiat (Alternative) economy and indexes which is used by the corporations to loot common mans money while keeping them in dark as happened in the latest saga of energy giant Enron and second largest telecom company WorldCom. Khilafahs economy will be protected from economic crisis as were witnessed in South East Asia during the late 90s when Asian Tigers were wiped by the powerful foreign investors

Stock exchanges
Khilafah Capitalism
No stock exchanges are there in A major portion of investment is done Khilafah. in stocks whose more than 90 % portion has nothing to do with real trade. No speculative transactions are allowed as per Islam. Investment is done only in real trade Real trade has gradually been strengthening economy. reduced to less than 10 % of international trade and 90% is only financial transaction. No chance of drowning of money in stocks as recently happen when 4 billion dollars of small Last year stock market crashed investors were lost in a matter of several times drowning trillions of a week when KSE index dropped rupees of investors. from 10,000 to 7000 points.
Stock exchanges are a source of diversion of investment from real trade to speculative business. If all the money that is invested in stocks is directed to real trade it will give rise to a robust economy

Valid Companies in Islam

Khilafah
The Company of Equal (Al-Inan) The Company of Bodies (Al-Abdan) The Company of Body and Capital (Mudharaba) The Company of Reputation Faces (Wujooh) Company of Negotiation (Mufawadha)

Capitalism
Public Limited Company Private Limited Companies

Guarantee Limited
Unlimited Company

A Man is not separate from his The Company and the owner company are two separate distinct bodies He is responsible for the debt of the Owner is not responsible for the company. He the stake holder money is debt of company beyond his safeguarded investment A man can not hide behind the Owners always hide behind the corporate rules at the time of corporate rules at the time of bankruptcy bankruptcy.

Zakat

Zakat
Zakat is only taken from Muslim citizen after the passage of one year if his wealth exeeds Nisab which is different for different catagories
Liquid Currency Stocks (Raw material or Finish Goods) Receivable Debts Live Stock Land (Ushr) Any tradable commodity including property

Hence as a whole more than 2.5% of the total wealth of the economy is collected from the society and injected back into the poorest echelons of the society. This is a tremendous mechanism of producing a balance in the distribution of wealth within the economy apart from other Ahkam of Islam which allow the down trodden people to improve their economic situation

Foreign Loans

Foreign Loans- no way

Khilafah Capitalism
Taking Foreign loans would not be Foreign loans are the integral part allowed 1 of Pakistans capitalist economy This year 239 billion rupees will be Membership in colonial received as different type of foreign organisation is also not allowed like loans. Paris club, ADP, Islamic In 1980 Nigeria took a loan of $3.5 Development Bank, World bank billion from the Paris club. By 1985 and of course IMF. this debt had risen $5.8 billion. By 1998 it had risen to 20.9 billion, and is today estimated at 27 billion. Sovereignty of Pakistan was mainly eroded due to foreign loans IMF and WB dictate all our internal policies under the guise of reforms and good governance Khilafah would liberate us from IMF & WB Structural Adjustment programmes (SAPs), Poverty reduction strategy Papers (PRSP) conditionalities and improve our economy

Evidence

Economic System:

Foreign Traders not MNCs

Khilafah
Foreign trade is assessed on the basis of the citizenship of the trader and not the origin of the goods except goods from countries we are in actual war with like Israel. Merchants from countries that have treaties with the State are treated according to the terms of the treaties

Merchants from countries in a state of war with the State are prevented from trading in the State, unless given a special permission
Any country with whom we have actual war with, its citizens (such as Israel) is excluded from these rules. The rules applicable to the actual land of war (Dar al-Harb Falan) apply to such country in all the relations

Trade

Economic System:

Local Traders
Khilafah Capitalism
Merchants who are subjects of No such provision, hence Pakistan is the State are prevented from helping India fulfil her energy needs exporting any goods that the by building two gas pipelines. Which enemies could benefit of would further strengthen Indian militarily, industrially or industry and Military to be used economically against Muslims of Pakistan
This Trade Policy protects the state from potential enemies in the future

They are not prevented from The government hurts the local trader importing any property they own under the pretext of Smuggling while under the pretext of protecting reduces import duty to give monitory the local industry benefit to the foreign trader under the guise of foreign investment
There is nothing known as Smuggling in Islam as long as the citizen of the state imports Halal items

Import export duties

Khilafah Capitalism
A Muslim trader only has to pay Zakat Import and export duties (2.5%) of the property during import and may be as high as 15 to 1 export once a year 20%. No import or export duty other than zakat Import duties on luxury cars reduced to suit the rich A Zimmi (non-Muslim citizen) will pay No such distinction according to the contract he had with state at the time of conquest 1 A Harbi (foreigner non-Muslim) will pay the No such distinction same percentage of duty as his country applies on the traders of the Khilafah 2 Low import and export duties will enhance trade and improve not only the conditions of the trader rather it will also help our exports In a Capitalist state people in the legislative assemblies reduce and increase duties to suit their interests and make money.

Miscellaneous Ahkam

Evidences
1. The hoarding of gold and silver was prohibited explicitly in the Quran. Allah (SWT) says: And let those who hoard gold and silver and do not spend them in the way of Allah know that a severe and painful punishment is awaiting them. [At-Tauba: 34] This warning of severe punishment for those who hoard gold and silver serves as a clear evidence that the Law Giver has decisively ordered us to refrain from doing so; it is therefore forbidden to hoard gold and silver. Islam prohibited pricing absolutely, due to what Imam Ahmad narrated from Anas who said: Prices increased at the time of the Messenger of Allah , so they said, O Messenger of Allah, we wish would you price (fix the prices). He said: Indeed Allah is the Creator, the holder (Qabidh), the Open-handed (Basit), the Provider (Raziq), the Pricer (who fixes prices); and I wish I will meet Allah and nobody demands (complains) of me for unjust act I did against him, neither in blood or property. Also Abu Dawud narrated from Abu Huraira, he said, A man came and said, O Messenger of Allah, fix prices. He said: Rather Allah reduces and increases. Said ibn Al-Musayyab narrated from Muammar ibn Abdullah Al-Adawi in Bukhari that the Prophet (saw) said: No one monopolises except the wrongdoer. Al-Athram narrated from Abu Umamah, he said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) forbade that a foodstuff be monopolised. And Muslim narrated through his chain of narrators from Said ibn AlMusayyab that Muammar said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said: Whoever monopolised is a wrongdoer. Monopoly is prohibited (Haram) in all things without a difference between the human foodstuff or animals foodstuff, a foodstuff or not, and of the peoples necessities or luxuries. This is because the linguistic meaning of the word monopolised (Ihtakara) is to compile a thing in its absolute sense (without specification). The word monopolised did not come in the meaning of compiling the foodstuff or the peoples necessities, rather compiling the thing, so it should not be confined to other than its linguistic meaning. 2.

3.

Evidences

Evidences

Economic System:

Hoarding of Wealth & Price Fixing

Khilafah Capitalism

Hoarding of wealth (money) is People are free to hoard wealth for no haram and state will take practical reason 1 steps to prevent it
Islamic system ensures circulation of wealth In Capitalist system banks offer interest to encourage people to inject money into economy Islam prohibits price fixing 2 Islam prohibits monopoly 3 Capitalist are still in dilemma as to how to get rid of monopolies; e.g. Microsoft break up litigation

Evidences
1. The Islamic economic system came to secure basic needs, irrespective of market conditions for such products. Muhammad (SAW) said, The son of Adam has no better right than that he would have a house wherein he may live and a piece of cloth whereby he may cover his nakedness and a piece of bread and some water. According to this principle the Islamic State must ensure for all its citizens (Muslims or Non-Muslim) of the Islamic State a security which western people will never achieve in the heartless obduracy of the application of its free market.

Economic System:

Basic needs of the masses

Khilafah Capitalism
Basic needs of all citizens are In the purest form of capitalism guaranteed such as food, clothing, there is no concept of public shelter, education, health etc. welfare. The land laws discussed earlier allow people to attain self-sufficient in food and housing as explained above Khilafah alleviates the suffering of the masses Decreases crime and insecurity in the society Produces a secure economic atmosphere which increases economic activity and investment as the investor doesnt run the risk of being homeless and struck by hunger in case of a loss

Economic System:

State Revenues
Khilafah
Sources of Bait -ul-Mal

Capitalism

Predominant source of income is Taxes from The booties and the spoil of war1, Al-Fai2 and the fifth3 the common people. Al-Kharaj People in the west are Al-Jizya taxed upto 35% of Protecting some Public property (Hima) 4 their income State property of land, building utilities and their
revenues) Al-Ushur Money attained illegally by the rulers, the employees of the State, illicit money and money from penalties The fifth of Al-Rikaz (hidden treasures) minerals 5 The inheritance property of the one who has no inheritors 6 The property of apostates 7 Charity Funds Zakat Taxes (only from the rich Muslims and in specific situations)

Approximate revenue pie chart in the Khilafah State

State Expenditure Priorities

Khilafah
The expenditures of the State are based around seven areas:
The Zakat funds on fix 8 categories mentioned in the Quran. Spending money on the destitute and the poor to ensure their basic needs is a must on the State. Spending on defence, heavy industry and security of the State as well as carrying the Islamic Message to other lands. Allowances of State employees such as salaries of soldiers, civil servants, judges, teachers and the like. Provide utilities to the people such as roads, water services, power services, mosques, schools and hospitals and any other utility considered as necessity for the people. Emergency expenditures such as during famine, flood, earthquake or attack by enemy. Spending on development projects Only if funds available

Implementation of Economic System

Khilafah
o To implement Islams economic system we require its corresponding ruling system i.e. the Khilafah. In the Khilafah no one has the authority to change Allahs laws or abrogated them o Dictatorship and Democracy cannot implement Islams economic system as man is the legislator in both these systems and the powerful can easily change the just laws of Islam in their personal interests to subjugate the rights of the weak and the poor

Decision making in Autocracy

(dictatorship of an individual)

Decision making
Legislative Mubah
(General issues)

Mubah
(needing expertise)

The ruler

The ruler

The ruler

Economic

Ruling

Social

Judicial

Education Policy

Foreign Policy

Decision making in Democracy

(dictatorship of an elite group)

Decision making
Legislative Mubah
(General issues)

Mubah
(needing expertise)

Elite Group

Elite Group

Elite Group

Economic

Ruling

Social

Judicial

Education Policy

Foreign Policy

Decision making in Khilafah

Decision making
Legislative Mubah
(General issues)

Mubah
(needing expertise)

Allahs Ahkam
Are implemented derived from the sources, Quran, Sunnah, Ijma us Sahaba Qiyas

Khaleefah
is final authority after discussing with experts

People
Through their representatives decide based on Majority (if Khaleefah asks them)

Economic

Ruling

Social

Judicial

Education Policy

Foreign Policy

Evidences