3.

1 COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

Stimulus : any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react 2 type of stimulus : 1) external stimuli : outside the body e.g : light, sound, smell, taste, temperature, pressure and touch 2) internal stimuli : inside the body e.g : sugar level, body temperature, osmotic pressure Response : the reaction of the body towards stimulus

Response and coordination Osmotic Pressure

Touch Stimuli

Sound

External

Internal

Body temperature

Light

Taste
Smell Temperature Oxygen content

NECESSITY FOR LIVING ORGANISMS TO RESPOND TO STIMULI

To

adjust to external stimuli by making suitable coordinated response To enable the organism move, feel pain or taste To protect organisms from harm To ensure their survival To regulates equilibrium of the internal environment.

RESPONSES OF HUMANS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS TO STIMULI

Humans and

animals : Respond to the external and internal environment by coordinating functions throughout the body Plants : Response by growth movement (tropism), movement of parts of plant (nastic)

PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN DETECTING & RESPONDING TO CHANGES IN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

The receptor : sensory organs, detect the stimuli. It triggers a nerve impulses to be produced in the afferent neurone. Afferent neurone : carries the nerve impulses to the integrating centre Integrating center : Brain & spinal cord, interprets the information and sends out another nerve impulse Efferent neurone : carries the nerve impulses from brain to the effectors Effectors : response to the stimulus (muscles or glands)

STIMULUS

RECEPTOR

AFFERENT NEURONE

INTERGRATING CENTRE
EFFERENT NEURONE

EFFECTOR

RESPONSE

PATHWAY INFORMATION DUE TO EXTERNAL STIMULI EXAMPLE : SOUND OF DOOR BELL

STIMULUS : Light from a candle
AFFERENT NEURONE

RESPONSE: Move towards the candle

RECEPTOR : Photoreseptors in the retina of eyes

EFFECTOR : Muscle in legs

EFFERENT NEURONE

INTERGRATION : occurs in visual centre of the brain

PATHWAY INFORMATION DUE TO INTERNAL STIMULI EXAMPLE : CHANGE IN BODY TEMPERATURE

INTERGRATION Thermoregulatory centre of the hypothalamus RECEPTORS : Temperature sensitive cells in hypothalamus EFFECTORS : Smooth muscle of arterioles, sweet gland, erector muscle of skin, skelatal muscle, adrenal glands & thyroid glands RESONSE : Activities heat loss from blood vessel
NORMAL BLOOD TEMPERATURE

STIMULUS : A change in blood temperature

Meaning of Coordination

Is the process involved in the detection of stimulus and the subsequent response of the organism towards the stimulus

Each response to a stimulus needs to be coordinated with other responses, otherwise there would be chaos.
Example: eating requires muscle coordination to get the food into the mouth and to cause chewing, swallowing and peristalsis and the coordination of the glands secreting saliva and digestive juices at the right time.

Organisation of Nervous System

Human nervous system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Brain

Spinal cord

Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Spinal nerves

Central nervous system (CNS)

Role of Nervous System

Nervous system is a communication network Receives information from receptors Transmit and interprets the information Formulates appropriate response to be sent to the effector organs Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body Helps to maintain homeostasis

Are you more right brain or left brain?

Right Brain Inventory

Left Brain Inventory

Visual, focusing on images, patterns Intuitive, led by feelings

Verbal, focusing on words, symbols, numbers Analytical, led by logic

ideas simultaneously

Process

Process ideas sequentially, step by step

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN

Consists of 100 billion neurones and weighs about 1300 1400 g in an adult Main parts of human brain are : 1) cerebrum 2) cerebellum 3) medulla oblongata 4) thalamus 5) hypothalamus

Cerebrum

The largest and most complex region Divided into 2 parts : 1) right hemisphere : control activities on left side of body 2) left hemisphere : control activities on right side of body The outer region of cerebrum is the cerebral cortex It has folds and grooves to increase the surface area of the cerebrum Function : - interprets information from receptors and controls the movement of skeletal muscles and voluntary activities (under our conscious) - site of intelligence - carries out complex mental processes such as learning, speech remembering making judgments

Cerebellum
Second largest region Located below the cerebrum and near the top of the spinal cord Has 2 hemisphere Function : - coordinates the contraction of the muscle - helps control balance to produce precise movements

Medulla oblongata

Contains a number of vital centres for regulating heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstriction. Contains the reflex centres for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping and swallowing

Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus : below thalamus, maintain homeostasis control centre for recognition and analysis of sleep, hunger, body temperature, blood pressure and water balance Control pituitary glands (secrete hormones that influence other glands)

Thalamus
Thalamus : is made up of two masses of grey matter It lies deep in the cerebral hemispehes Contain relay stations for impulses responsible

for sorting information which goes in and comes out of the cerebral cortex integrates the information that is carried out by sensory receptors to the cerebrum by enhancing some signals and blocking

SPINAL CORD
The link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system Contained within the vertebral column Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (as a cushions the cord and provides nutrients) Consists of : 1) grey matter ( in the middle) 2) white matter (around grey matter)

N : Grey matter C: i. surrounded by white matter ii. consists of mainly of cell bodies of nerve cells N : White matter C : i. consists of myelin-coated axons of neurones that extend up and down the spinal cord

SPINAL CORD

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord Each spinal nerves consists of 1) dorsal roots : contains the axons of afferent neuron : conduct impulses to the spinal cord from sensory receptors : consists of dorsal root ganglion which composed of cell bodies of afferent neurones 2) ventral roots : contains the axons of efferentneuron : conduct impulses away from the spinal cord to effectors

SPINAL CORD

Function of spinal cord : i. to process certain types of sensory information and send out responses via the efferent neurons ii. Convey signals to and from the brain iii. Neural pathway for reflexes

A Neurone has :
1)Function : transmit nerve impulses to other nerve cells, gland or muscles 2) There are 3 types of neurones: i. Afferent or sensory neurones: : carry sensory information from receptor cells into the brain and spinal cord ii. Efferent or motor neurones: : carry information from the brain or spinal cord to effectors, muscle or gland cells iii. Interneurone: : conveys impulses between various parts of the brain and spinal cord : transmit impulses between afferent neurones and efferent neurones : transmit impulses from one side of the spinal cord to the other side of from the brain to spinal cord or vice versa

Afferent Neuron Moving away from a central organ or point. Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord

Efferent Neuron Moving toward a central organ or point Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and organs

Interneuron (relay neurone): Relays message from sensory neurone to motor neurone Make up the brain and spinal cord

1) Cell body :

A Neurone has :

- contain nucleus - integrates signals and coordinates metabolic activities 2) Dendrites : - threadlike extensions from cell body - carry impulses towards cell body 3) Axons : - long and thin fibre from cell body - carry impulses away from cell body - surrounded by myelin sheath to protect and insulates the axons and help speed up the conduction of nerve impulses - myelin sheath has many gaps called node of Ranvier 4) Axon terminals / synaptic terminals: - ending of axons - have small swelling called synaptic knobs - transmits signals to muscle cells, gland cells or the dendrites of another neurone

Neurone : the cells that carry information through the nervous system The message that a neurone carries in the form of an electrical signal called nerve impulses

Afferent neuron Length of Fibers Location

Interneuron

Efferent neuron Short dendrites and long axons Dendrites and the cell body are located in the spinal cord; the axon is outside of the spinal cord Conduct impulse to an effectors (muscle or gland)

Long dendrites and Short dendrites short axon and short or long axon Cell body and Entirely within dendrite are the spinal cord outside of the or CNS spinal cord; the cell body is located in a dorsal root ganglion Conduct impulse to Interconnect the the spinal cord sensory neuron with appropriate motor neuron

Function

The transmission pathway of information

1. Stimulus (sound of doorbell)

2. Receptors in the ear detect stimulus 3. Afferent neurone The receptors triggers nerve impulses in the afferent neurone 4. Interneurone Afferent neurone carry the nerve impulses to the interneurone in the brain 5. Central nervous system The brain integrates and interprets the nerve impulses. The brain make a decision and send out the nerve impulses to efferent neurone 6. Efferent neurone Carry the nerve impulses to effector 7. Effector Contraction of muscle in the hand carry out the response 8. Response The hand reaches out to open the door

Transmission of information across synapses

-

Synaptic cleft narrow space beyond the synaptic terminal - separates the synaptic terminal from the dendrite of a receiving neurone, a muscle cell or gland cell

The electric signal carrying the message must be transmitted across the synaptic cleft to the adjacent cell
BUT HOW? Transmission occurs via a chemical process as opposed to an electrical process the transmission of information is slowest at the synapse. Snake venom block the action of neurotransmitter and cause paralysis

Transmission of information across synapses

Transmission of information across synapses

-

NEUROTRANSMITTERS The chemical substances involved in transmission Store in small synaptic vesicles clustered at the tip of the synaptic terminal There are many neurotransmitters among which are : i. acytycholine ii. Noradrenaline iii. Serotonin iv. Dopamine After the neurotransmitter relayed its message it is rapidly broken down by an enzyme or taken up by synaptic terminal and recycled

Transmission of information across synapses

Synaptic vesicle only present at synaptic terminals, hence only the presynaptic membrane can discharge neurotrasmitters - Receptor only present on the postsynaptic membrane, ensuring that only the postsynaptic membrane can receive a chemical signal
-

- The importance of synapes: i. controlling and intergrating nerve impulses by that are transmitted by stimulated receptors. ii. Allow nerve impulses to be transmitted in one direction

Mechanisms of transmission across synapses

Electrical impulses reaches the presynaptic membrane

Triggers the synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors (specific protein), attached to the postsynaptic membrane

Lead to the generation of a new electrical signal in the neighbouring neuron

Transmission of information across a synapse first involves conversation of an electrical to chemical signal (neurotransmitter) Reconversation : chemical to electrical at postsynaptic membrane

After the neurotransmitter has relayed its message, it is rapidly broken down by enzymes or taken up again by the synaptic terminal and recycled

Cocaine
Cocaine is a strong central nervous system stimulant that increases levels of dopamine, a brain chemical (or neurotransmitter) associated with pleasure and movement, Certain brain cells, or neurons, use dopamine to communicate. Normally, dopamine is released by a neuron in response to a pleasurable signal (e.g., the smell of good food), and then recycled back into the cell that released it, thus shutting off the signal between neurons. Cocaine acts by preventing the dopamine from being recycled, causing excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter to build up, amplifying the message to and response of the receiving neuron, and ultimately disrupting normal communication. It is this excess of dopamine that is responsible for cocaines euphoric effects. With repeated use, cocaine can cause long-term changes in the brains reward system and in other brain systems as well, which may eventually lead to addiction. With repeated use, tolerance to the cocaine high also often develops. Many cocaine abusers report that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first exposure. Some users will increase their dose in an attempt to intensify and prolong the euphoria, but this can also increase the risk of adverse psychological or physiological effects.

COORDINATION

VOLUNTARY I/C : Brain / Cerebrum

E : Skeletal muscle Example: Talking Walking Thinking

INVOLUNTARY

I/C : Medulla oblongata / hypothalamus

E : Smooth muscle
Example: Homeostasis I/C : spinal cord E : Skeletal muscle Example: hot and sharp knee jerk

Voluntary Action- Skeletal muscle

-

Examples: walking, talking etc Under conscious control Governed by the cerebral cortex of the cerebrum

Receptor

Afferent neurone

Interneurone

Effector

Efferent neurone

Involuntary Action Skeletal Muscle : reflex arc

Examples: touching a hot stove or a sharp pin, remove finger without having to think about it
-

Under unconscious control Reflexes rapid and involuntary responses to stimuli The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a reflex arc

TOUCHING A HOT OBJECT (THREE NEURONE) When the skin is in contact with a hot object, sensory receptor in skin is stimulated

Sensory receptor at skin triggers nerve impulse move through afferent neurone to the spinal cord This nerve impulse across the synapse to the interneurone in grey matter of spinal cord From interneurone, the nerve impulse crosses another synapse and is transferred To efferent neurone Efferent neurone brings out nerve impulse from the spinal cord to effecctor (biceps muscle) Biceps muscle is stimulate to contract causing the hand to move away from the hot object

KNEE JERK TWO NEURONE

The hammer hits a tendon that connects the quardiceps muscle in the thigh to a bone in the lower leg As the hammer strikes the tendon, the force stretches the quadriceps muscles And stimulate the stretch receptors in the muscles, tiggering nerve impulses Afferent neurone transmits the information to the efferent neurone in the spinal cord

The efferent neurone transmits this impulse to the quardiceps muscle,and the muscle contact swings the leg forward

Diseases of the nervous system Alzheimers - A neurologica, disease - Caused by the shrink of brain tissues and lack of neurotransmitter such as acetylcholine - Usually affects the elder - The symptoms are: loss of intellilgence, loss of memory, mild confusion and poor concentration - Also inherited

Diseases of the nervous system

Parkinsons

A neurologica, disease Caused by : i. The reduce level of neurotransmitter (dopamine) in the brain caused weakening of the muscles ii. The huge of the cerebral arteries - When it happens the muscles cannot function smoothly and become stiff and jerky in their actions - Usually affects the elder - No inherited
-

Endocrine system :
Controls the bodys activities by releasing hormones Made up of endocrine glands Does not have ducts Consists of endocrine glands that produce and release hormone directly into bloodstream and the blood carries the hormones to the target cells Can regulate activities in tissues and organ situated far from the glands The endocrine system complements the nervous system

Hormones :

Chemicals in the bloodstream that can regulate the activities of organ and tissues.

Functions of hormone

Reproduction

Growth

Homeostasis

NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM Control voluntary & involuntary actions ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Control involuntary actions

Conveys electrical signals (nerve impulses)

Messages are conducted via neurones

Conveys chemical signals (hormones)

Messages are conducted via bloodstream

Messages are conveyed rapidly Messages are carried between specific locations
Responses & effects are temporary & reversible

Messages are conveyed slowly Messages are carried to various locations

Responses & effects are long lasting & irreversible

MAJOR GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Gonads (testes & ovary)

ENDOCRINE GLAND

HORMONE

Target organ

FUNCTION

Anterior pituitary gland

-Blood

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Thyroid

Stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroxine from thyroid gland Stimulates production of mature sperm & eggs Stimulates ovulation & corpus luteum () & sex hormones () Stimulates adrenal cortex to release hormone

pressure -Growth -Water balance -Produce hormones to regulate activities of other glands

Gonads

Luteinising hormones Gonads (LH) Adrenocorticotrophic Adrenal hormones (ACTH) glands

Growth hormones
Prolactin

Soft tissue, bones

Mamary gland

Stimulates protein synthesis and growth

Stimulates milk production

ENDOCRINE GLAND

HORMONE

TARGET ORGAN

FUNCTION

Posterior Antidiuretic Kidneys pituitary gland hormones (ADH)

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

Oxytocin

Uterus & Stimulates contraction mamary gland of uterine muscles during childbirth and stimulates sperm ejaculation

FUNCTION OF HORMONES PRODUCED BY ENDOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRINE GLAND HORMONE TARGET ORGAN FUNCTION

Thyroid gland

thyroxine

All tissues

-Regulates

the bodys metabolism -Helps in normal physical and mental developements Increase heartbeat rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, metabolic rate, blood flow th the muscles and glucose level in blood (emergency situation)
Regulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys

Adrenal gland

Adrenaline (adrenal medulla)

Kidneys

Aldosterone (adrenal cortex)

Cardiac and other muscle

FUNCTION OF HORMONES PRODUCED BY ENDOCRINE GLANDS

ENDOCRIN E GLAND Pancreas

HORMONE TARGET ORGAN Insulin Liver, muscle and adipose tissue Liver, muscle, adipose tissie

FUNCTION Stimulates the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen - Lower the level of glucose in the blood
-

Glucagon

- Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose - Increases the level of glucose in blood

ENDOCRINE GLAND Ovaries

HORMONE Estrogen

TARGET ORGAN Gonads, skin, mucsle & nones

-

FUNCTION stimulates the development of eggs and female reproduction organ - stimulates the development of secondary characteristics in prepares the uterus for implantation of embryo
-Stimulates

Progesterone testes Testosterone

Gonads Gonads, skin, mucsle & nones

sperm production and development of testes -stimulates the development of secondary characteristics in

Secretion of hormones
Hormone secretion is regulated by

Another hormone

Level of certain substances

Nervous system

Secretion of hormones: by another hormone

Hypothalamus

Example :

TRH

Pituitary gland TSH

Thyroid gland Thyroxine Target cell

Secretion of hormones: by another hormone

Inhibits

TSH
Inhibits

thyroxine

HIGH thyroxine level

LOW thyroxine level

Stimulates TSH thyroxine Stimulates

Secretion of hormones: by another hormone

Pituitary gland

Anterior lobe
HORMONE ACTH TSH TARGET ORGAN Adrenal gland Thyroid gland HORMONE aldosterone Thyroxine

Posterior lobe
HORMONE ADH TARGET ORGAN Kidney

FSH & LH

Ovaries, testes

Oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone

x x

Oxytocin

GH PRL

Bone & muscle Mamary gland

Smooth muscle in uterus

Secretion of hormones : by level certain substances

Example : Glucose

High glucose level

Insulin Glucagon

Glycogen (stored in liver & muscle)

Secretion of hormones : by nervous system

EXAMPLE : Pituitary gland is controlled by hypothalamus Hypothalamus receives nerve impulses from receptor then stimulates pituitary gland EXAMPLE : Adrenal gland stimulated to release hormones by nervous system

Coordination involving both the nervous system and endocrine system During fight or flight situation Example : excited, frightened The hypothalamus send nerves impulses to adrenal medulla Adrenal medulla secrete adrenaline & noradrenaline Heartbeat, breathing rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level and metabolic activity increases

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease DWARFISM

The organs of the person often fail to grow and the body proportion is childlike Induce with growth hormone using genetic engineering

GIGANTISM
Condition characterised by an abnormal increase in the length of bones The person grows to be abnormally tall ACROMEGALY Caused by the over secretion of human growth hormone during adulthood results A condition in which the bones, hands, feet, cheeks and jaws thicken and other tissues enlarge

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease

CRETINISM (chillhood)
Too little thyroxine secretion cause severe mental retardation

MYXEDEMA (adult)
Have slow heart rate, low body temperature, high sensitivity to cold, general lethargy and a tendency to gain weight easily A lack of iodine in the diet also lowers the production of thyroxine Too much secretion of thyroxine can cause an increase in the metabolic rate of the body Symptoms: excessive sweating, heat intolerance, increased bowel , nervousness, rapid heart rate and weight loss

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease

GOITER
Thyroid gland grow and enlarge to two or three times its size Cause of goiter is iodine deficiency Thyroid cannot make and release enough thyroxine So it enlarges in response to excess stimulation from the pituitary gland

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease

DIABETES MELLITUS Is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood People with diabetes mellitus either do not produce enough insulin or cannot use the insulin that either bodies produce So glucose builds up in the bloodstream Symptoms : i. increased frequency of urination ii. Excessive thirst iii. Numberness or burning sensation in the feet, ankles and legs iv. Blurred or poor vision v. Fatigue and poor wound healing Secure : i. insulin are produce by genetically engineered bacteria

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease

HYPOGLYCAEMIA Over secretion of insulin an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood Symptoms : i. Fatigue ii. Insomnia iii. Mental confusion iv. Nervousness v. Mood swings vi. Faintness and headaches vii. Several hypoglycemia can lead to convulsions and unconsciousness

Hormonal Imbalances and Related Disease

DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Caused by the inability of the posterior pituitary to secrete antideuretic hormone (ADH) Symptom : i. Excretes a large amount of urine ii. Thirsty all the time iii. The person may die of dehydration if deprived of water even for a day

1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

state what plant hormones are, give some examples of plant hormones, infer the effects of auxins on growth responses, explain the role of auxins in tropism, state the use of hormones in agriculture.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1.CONCEPT DES
D Definition

give meaning

E Example give suitable example

S Significant give the (good / bad) effect

PLANT HORMONES

In plants, response is controlled by plant hormones @ plant growth regulators A plant hormone is a chemical substance which is produced by the plant and influences the growth and development of the plant

Examples : auxins and ethylene

PLANT HORMONES
D Definition = Classification + characteristic PLANT HORMONES: is a chemical substance E Example auxins and ethylene S Significant influences the growth and development of the plant

produced by the plant

Plants respond to stimuli by growing in a certain direction. This growth response called tropism These responses are controlled by auxins

Effects of auxins on growth responses

What is the role of auxins in growth response?

Is a tough Coleoptile protective sheath that encloses the shoot tips of monocotyledonous plant (Example : maize, paddy, oat) When the coleoptile degenerates during seed germination, the shoot emerges

AUXINS

Function : 1) promote cell elongation or cell lengthening 2) increase the rate of cell division Are produced in the apical meristem of the coleoptile at the tips of shoots As auxins from the tips of the shoots moves down to the region of cell elongation , the hormone stimulates growth and elongation or lengthening

Experiment to investigate the effect of auxins on growth of coleoptile

Coleptile in the dark

E1 E2 Tip of coleoptile Tip placed on jellycut off just like block of agar @ above zone of gelatin elongation

E3 Tip placed on agar block and placed on one side of coleoptile

After 2 hours

After 2 hours

Tip removed

Agar block placed on agar block placed on cut coleoptile one side of coleoptile

Tip removed : no further growth Tip replaced : coleoptile grows straight up

coleoptile grows straight up

coleoptile grows in a curve

What conclusion can you make on the effects of auxins on growth response?

Auxins are produced in the apical meristem of the shoot. Auxins promotes the elongation of cells in the shoot.

Effects of auxins on the growth response in shoots

What is tropism?
Type

of response where the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the stimulus

Example of tropism
Tropism Stimulus Response

Phototropisme

Geotropisme

Example of tropism
Tropism Stimulus Response

Phototropisme

Direction of light from one side

Geotropisme

Example of tropism
Tropism Stimulus Response

Phototropisme

Direction of light from one side

Geotropisme

Force of gravity

Example of tropism
Tropism Stimulus Response
1. Shoot bent toward light (Positive phototropisme) 2. Roots grow away from light (Negative phototropisme)

Phototropisme

Direction of light from one side

Geotropisme

Force of gravity

Example of tropism
Tropism Stimulus
Direction of light from one side

Response
1. Shoot bent toward light (Positive phototropisme) 2. Roots grow away from light (Negative phototropisme) 1.Shoots grow upwards against the force of gravity (Negative geotropisme) 2.Roots grow downwards in the direction of gravity (Positive geotropisme)

Phototropisme

Geotropisme

Force of gravity

Phototropisme & GEOTROPISME

Conclusion
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The tip of the coleoptile is the lightsensitive region The meristem cells at the tip of shoot produces auxins Auxins move away from the light & accumulate in the shaded side High concentration of auxins in the shoot promote elongation of the cell in shoot High concentration of auxins in the root inhibit elongation of the cell in root

Geotropism

Geotropism

Commercial uses: Auxins

1. In hormone rooting powder (produce root quickly) 2. In selective weed killer 3. In fruit setting (parthenocarpy) 4. In producing bushy plants 5. In promoting growth of plants & fruits

Commercial uses: Auxins

Auxins are used for a variety of agricultural purposes, including: Promotion of rooting of cuttings (e.g., Rootone). The base of the cutting is dipped in a powder containing NAA or indolebutyric acid (IBA) prior to planting. Induction of flowering in pineapple (actually caused by the auxin-induced production of ethylene). NAA is generally employed as the auxin. Prevention of preharvest fruit drop. Auxin type herbicides (e.g., 2-4-D).

Commercial uses: Ethylene / ethene

Promoting the ripening of fruit Fruits can be ripened quickly for sale by exposing them to ethylene gas Ethylene stimulating the production of cellulase Cellulase hydrolyses cellulose in plant cell walls making the fruit soft Also promotes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simpler sugar the fruit become sweeter

ANSWER
(i)

Auxin/ Giberelin Hormone / Auxin / Giberelin induces the wall of ovary to develop. F2 : Ovary wall develops into the flash of fruit F3 : Fruit is produced without seed (and bigger) F4 : Formation of fruit without fertilization. F1:

(ii)

(iii)

Parthenocarpy

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