Common Parts of an IED

Delay or safety mechanism (timer)

Security Department

The Torch Doha

Detonation of Explosives
Through the action of the bomber (remote control) Through the action of the victim (pressure) Through timing devices Through atmospheric changes (temperature, pressure)
Security Department The Torch Doha 2

THROUGH TIMING DEVICES

Security Department

The Torch Doha

ACTION OF THE VICTIM

Security Department

The Torch Doha

ACTION OF THE VICTIM

Security Department

The Torch Doha

ACTION OF THE VICTIM

Security Department

The Torch Doha

ACTION OF THE BOMBER (Remote Control)

Security Department

The Torch Doha

RECOGNITION POINT OF A LETTER BOMB

Security Department

Makati Shangri-La Manila

WHY TERROSISTS BOMB HOTELS

There is much significance in why targets related to tourism are attractive to terrorists. Hotels, holiday resorts, drinking places, shopping malls were among the most popular choice of targets for terrorist groups. These places that are frequently crowded with people, creates a maximum impact of fear on the survivors of the bomb attack, forming part of the reasons why terrorists are attracted to symbols of tourism.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

WHY TERROSISTS BOMB HOTELS

Firstly, such targets are not hit discriminately, but rather for the purpose of taking revenge on a certain group of people. In statements released on jihadist websites, both the Kenyan and Egyptian attacks were aimed at causing mass casualties to Israeli citizens. The Bali incident was revealed by arrested bomb suspects Amrozi and Mukhlas as aiming to kill Australian tourists.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

10

WHY TERROSISTS BOMB HOTELS

Secondly, tourism related targets are symbolic icons of the host nations prosperity and a source of revenue. Staging such a terrorist attack is tantamount to destroying the host nations economic infrastructure and hitting an indirect blow to the tourism trade as tourists would fear to visit the said country in future. It is a smear to the host nations reputation as being unable to protect guest visitors.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

11

WHY TERROSISTS BOMB HOTELS

Thirdly, unlike embassies or other government buildings, tourism related targets are soft targets, not hard ones. Security measures are hard to enforce in crowded hotels and shopping malls. Understandably, enterprise owners also will not react favorably to stringent government imposed security measures as consumers will no doubt take their spending preferences elsewhere.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

12

WHY TERROSISTS BOMB HOTELS

Fourth, subsequent case investigations tend to strain diplomatic ties between involved state governments as factors such as security responsibility, pace of investigations and suspect questioning, comes into play. Israeli investigators disagreed with Kenyan and Egyptian authorities on both occasions. The Bali bombing led to Australian Prime Minister John Howard advocating the anti-terrorist, pre-emptive strike doctrine which offended the sensitivities of other states in South East Asia. Bad inter state relations are exactly what the terrorists are seeking.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

13

TERRORISTS METHODS OF OPERATIONS

Throughout time, different terrorists groups has developed and tried different tactics to deliver explosives or bombs to targets. Methods are dependent on the nature of the target, expertise and training, availability of materials, and imagination of the bomber. Some of the known ways to deliver explosives are through; vehicles, rockets, parcels, bags and human being.
Security Department The Torch Doha 14

METHODS USED BASED ON LOCATION

Middle East car bombs, roadside bombs, rockets and human bombs South Asia motorcycle/bicycle bombs, human bombs Southeast Asia car bombs, bicycle/motorcycle bombs, parcel bombs, human bombs Philippines motorcycle/bicycle bombs, parcel bombs and backpack bombs
Security Department The Torch Doha 15

VEHICLE BORNE IEDs

Vehicle borne IEDs (VBIEDs) are devices that use a vehicle as the package or container of the device. These IEDs come in all shapes, colors, and sizes which vary by the type of vehicles available small sedans to large cargo trucks. A growing technique in VBIED attacks has involved the use of multiple vehicles. In such instances, the lead vehicle is used as a decoy or barrier buster. Once stopped or neutralized and with security forces starting to move to inspect or detain the main VBIED comes crashing though into the crowd before detonating; thus resulting in an increase of the casualty ratio.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

16

Security Department

Makati Shangri-La Manila

17

PACKAGED BOMBS
Concealed Mortar/Artillery Projectiles Terrorists has used IEDs consisting of mortar and artillery projectiles as the explosive device. The most common explosives used are military munitions, usually 60 mm or greater mortar or artillery warheads.
Security Department The Torch Doha 18

Miscellaneous Explosives Used As Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDS)

Security Department

The Torch Doha

19

PERSON BORNE BOMBS

Suicide bomber brings a singularly difficult threat. The aim of the terrorist is not to commit suicide, but to kill or injure as many soldiers and civilians as possible. A person-borne suicide bomb usually employs a high-explosive/fragmentary effect and uses a command detonation firing system, some sort of switch or button the person activates by hand. Explosives with fragmentation can be contained in a vest, belt, or clothing that is specifically modified to carry this material concealed. Vehicle-borne suicide bombs employ the same methods and characteristics of other package or vehicle bombs using a command detonation firing system.
20

Security Department

The Torch Doha

EFFECTS OF FRAGMENTAL BOMB

Bomb Explosive Weight 1-10 lbs. Demolish Radius Irreparabl e Damage Repairable Damage Minor Damage Minimum Safe Distance from Fragments in the Open

3-5 ft.

5-9 ft.

20 ft.

100 ft.

900 ft.

10-25 lbs.

6-10 ft.

10-15 ft.

30 ft.

150 ft.

1740 ft.

50 lbs.

12 ft.

23 ft.

50 ft.

240 ft.

2140 ft.

150 lbs.

20 ft.

50 ft.

100 ft.

650 ft.

3180 ft.

250 lbs.

30 ft.

60 ft.

120 ft.

800 ft.

3720 ft.

500 lbs.

45 ft.

95 ft.

190 ft.

1120 ft.

3800 ft.

1,000 lbs.

75 ft.

150 ft.

300 ft.

1600 ft.

3800 ft.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

21

SUICIDE BOMBER
A suicide bombing is a bomb attack on people or property, committed by a person who knows the explosion will cause his or her own death. Profile of a Suicide Bomber 47% of suicide bombers have an academic education and an additional 29% have at least a high school education. 83% of suicide bombers are single. 64% are between the ages 18 23; most of the rest are under 30.
Security Department The Torch Dha 22

SUICIDED BOMBER The bearer is innocent of the explosive or mission he/she is carrying out. Planting of explosives can be either through threat and intimidation, nature of work (courier), or surreptitiously placed. Detonation is through remote control and independent from the will of the bearer.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

23

BOMB THREAT

Security Department

The Torch Doha

24

BOMB THREAT . . . Bomb threats are delivered in many ways. That majority of threats are called in to the targets. Occasionally of these threats are made through a third party. Sometimes a threat is communicated in writing or by recording.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

25

Threat receipt....
May be received in a variety of ways - phone, sms, mail, email, fax, courier - written or spoken May be a suspicious package May come from police - specific or non-specific threat or nearby

May come from media

For hotels, all staff should receive bomb awareness training and know who to contact

Those at first line of contact e.g. reception, mail receipt and switchboard should be trained in using bomb threat receipt form
Security Department The Torch Doha 26

Nature of bomb threat....

Hoaxes - want to see an effect If they are going to blow you up there will be no warning.... Sometimes the threat is real: no intent to harm people

associated party
Extortion Pay-back

Industrial relations issues

Delivery of information - the more specific, the more credible but do not rely on this
Security Department The Torch Doha 27

Bomb Threat Assessment

Is the threat credible? Consider:
Time of day and day of week Modetelephone or mail Identity of callerchild, female/male, young/old, drunk, foul language Specificity of the threattime, location, type of explosive device Possibility of access to allow placing of the device

Does the threat contain Positive Target Identifications (PTIs)? Did caller identify:
Time the bomb is to detonate? Target to be destroyed? Bombs construction, shape, or description? Bombs location?

Does the hotel contain a guest or is holding a function that might be the target of a threat?
Security Department The Torch Doha 28

Bomb Threat Response

Do not evacuate?
This may be an appropriate response if there have been a number of recent, publicized hoax bomb threats in the area; if the caller seemed to be drunk; if the caller was a young child, or if it is a beautiful Friday afternoon about an hour or so before quitting time. This is especially true when no PTIs were provided in the bomb threat call. Searches are usually the most appropriate choice and should generally be the chosen response, especially if no PTIs or only one PTI was given in the threat.

Conduct a limited or general search of the facility?

Order limited evacuation, general evacuation, or move to a safe haven? Evacuations are usually ordered only when the call is judged to be serious, the threat credible, there is insufficient time to conduct a thorough search, and the judgment is made that employees will be at less risk evacuating or moving to a safe haven than remaining in place and seeking cover. If two or more PTIs are given in the bomb threat call, an evacuation may be in order.
Security Department 29

The Torch Doha

BOMB THREAT

Security Department

The Torch Doha

30

Evacuation options....
Issues: Risk of injury Secondary devices Response resource limitation Panic Essential services access Loss to business services No evacuation - partial evacuation - full evacuation If the decision to evacuate is made, persons should be requested to remove all personal belongings, e.g. handbags, briefcases, shopping or carry bags, when evacuating. This will facilitate the identification of suspect objects Partial evacuation - particularly effective when the threat includes the specific or general location of the placed object or in those instances where a suspicious object has been located without prior warning. Partial evacuation requires a high degree of planning, training, supervision, coordination and rehearsal.
The Torch Doha 31

Security Department

Search sequence....
General priorities for searching should follow the following sequence: Outside areas including evacuation assembly areas Building entrances and exits and, particularly, paths people will use to evacuate Public areas within buildings (NOTE: In most buildings, public areas that are accessible for the placement of an object. Also they usually provide a means of exit, which evacuees have to pass through, or be in proximity to, during an evacuation Other areas. Once external and public areas have been declared clear, a search should be conducted beginning at the lowest levels and continuing upwards until every floor, including the roof, has been searched. Once a floor or room has been searched, it should be distinctively marked to avoid duplication of effort. Those staff members that have intimate knowledge of the building, should assist the relevant authorities in these procedures
Security Department The Torch Doha 32

Bomb search....
Those best qualified to carry out a thorough search in any given area are the occupants of the building, structure or workplace. Occupants have the knowledge of what belongs or what does not belong in a location at any given time Generally speaking, law enforcement authorities do not possess intimate knowledge of the threat area The aim of the search is to identify any object that is not normally found in an area or location, or for which an owner is not readily identifiable or becomes suspect for any other reason, for example: a suspiciously labelled object an object similar to that described in the threat an object of unusual size, shape and sound the presence of pieces of tape, wire, string or explosive wrappings, or other unfamiliar materials Mobile phones, radio sets and EMF radiation sources
Security Department The Torch Doha 33

TYPE OF SEARCH . . .
Area Search search of a specific area if mentioned or the entire premises if not. Vehicle Search search of all vehicles parked in the designated parking areas after receipt of the threat and upon entry of incoming vehicles. Bags, Package and Luggage Inspections inspection conducted on all incoming items.

Security Department

The Torch Doha

34

LEVELS OF SEARCH . . .
Supervisory Search search is discretely conducted by supervisors without informing other staff. Ideal for discreet search are busy public areas. Occupant Search everybody is to search his or her own work area. Ideal when no specific location is mentioned in the threat and there is a need for a total area search. Team Search search conducted by a trained team. Ideal when the location is mentioned and the threat is seemingly serious.
Security Department The Torch Doha 35

Suspicious item found....

On locating a suspect object, search personnel should not touch, cover or move it The location should be conspicuously marked, for example, a paper trail to the nearest exit is most suitable

After ensuring there are no other suspect objects in the vicinity, the area should be evacuated and isolated
Search of other areas should continue to ensure that there are no other suspect objects

Security Department

The Torch Doha

36

5 c's....
Confirm - that it could be a bomb from a safe distance
Clear - the area, moving away from the suspected bomb Cordon - the area, 100m minimum, 200m for car bombs (go further!) Control - all access to the area, retaining witnesses at Incident Command Post Check - for secondary devices or hazards - gas, petrol, power cables

Security Department

The Torch Doha

37