MICROBIAL METABOLISM

Composition of Bacteria
90% water

typical composition of the other 10%: Carbon - 40-50% Hydrogen - 10-20% Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus - 10% each Sulfur - 5%
Assorted ions: Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Mo+2, Zn+2, Fe+3

All of these must be obtained from the environment of the cell

Composition of Bacteria
Fe important that bacteria have developed special Iron-transporting systems called SIDEROPHORES compete with human iron-chelators (lactoferrin, hemoglobin, myoglobin) to sequester iron for the bacteria
Some bacterial infections are enhanced by high iron conditions Humans will kill for gold and silver bacteria will kill for iron. Some bacterial cytotoxins are produced only under conditions of iron deficiency. (Ex. Diphtheria toxin)

Characterization of Bacteria by Carbon Source

Autotrophs (self-feeders):
= obtain carbon from inorganic sources (CO2) = obtain nitrogen from inorganic sources (NH4+, NO3-)

Heterotrophs (fed by others):

= obtain carbon from organic sources = obtain N2 from organic and/or inorganic sources

Medical bacteria are heterotrophs.

Characterization of Bacteria by Energy Source

Phototrophs: bacteria that obtain all their energy from radiant energy (light = photosynthesis) Photolithotrophs: use inorganic compounds as electron donors and acceptors Photoorganotrophs: use organic compounds as electron donors and acceptors

Photolithotrophs = Autotrophs
Photoorganotrophs = Heterotrophs

Characterization of Bacteria by Energy Source

Chemotrophs: bacteria that obtain all their energy from carrying out chemical reactions (not light-driven)
Chemolithotrophs: use inorganic compounds as electron donors and acceptors Chemoorganotrophs: use organic compounds as electron donors and organic or inorganic acceptors

Chemolithotrophs = Autotrophs Chemoorganotrophs = Heterotrophs

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

METABOLISM
= digestion & utilization of food to synthesize CHO, fats, CHON, & other substances --living things are made to furnish the energy necessary for life & reproduction.
Two aspects: ANABOLISM = building of protoplasm & storage of energy. CATABOLISM = breaking of protoplasm & release of energy.

BACTERIAL METABOLISM
HOW BACTERIA TAKE IN THEIR FOOD Food --- dissolved in H20 through process of osmosis or diffusion --- by the help of permease. Glucose = occupies a greater importance in the source of energy.

FERMENTATION vs. RESPIRATION

Fermentation:
- energy (ATP)-yielding pathway in which electrons are transferred from an organic donor substrate (e.g., carbohydrate) to organic acceptors, forming organic acids, aldehydes, alcohols, etc. The classic example is glycolysis: lactate Glucose pyruvate acetate ethanol
- anaerobic process

FERMENTATION vs. RESPIRATION

Respiration:
energy (ATP)-yielding pathway in which electrons are transferred from an organic donor substrate (e.g., carbohydrate) to inorganic acceptors via an electron-transport chain (cytochromes, etc.)

The classic example is Ox/Phos:

BH2 + 0.5O2+ ADP, Pi
[cytochromes]

B +H2O + ATP

Acceptors other than O2 can be used:

NO3-, NO2-, SO4--, redox dyes, etc.

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PATHWAYS: GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY - major route of glucose metabolism - degrade glucose into 2 molecules of lactic acid without molecular O2 intervention. - 47 kcal/mole fermented a. EMBDENMEYERHOFFPARNAS SCHEME ( EMP ) - 4 molecules of ATP formed during glucose breakdown - initial reaction uses 2 molecules of ATP - net yield of ATP = 2 molecules

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PATHWAYS: GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY

b. PHOSPHOGLUCONATE PATHWAY also: Hexosemonophosphate Shunt ( HMP ) - major energy pathway of heterolactic fermenters - net ATP yield is half of EMP --- 1.
c. ENTNER DOUDOROFF PATHWAY - utilize functional system for Pseudomonas - net ATP = 1 ATP/mole of glucose fermentation of CHO - key intermediate product is pyruvic acid final product to identify bacteria not only in industrial establishment, also for paramedical courses.

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PYRUVIC ACID is degraded into the following products: 1. alcohol fermentation pyruvic acid
decarboxylated

acetaldehyde & CO2 reduced ethyl ROH

value: brewing industry 2. homolactic fermentation pyruvic acid

Lactobacilli/Streptobacilli

lactic acid

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PYRUVIC ACID is degraded into the following products: 3. Heterolactic acid pyruvic acid lactic acid formic acid ROH CO2 acetic acid 4. Propionic acid fermentation pyruvic acid - responsible for the characteristic taste & smell of Swiss cheese

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PYRUVIC ACID is degraded into the following products: 5. Mixed acid pyruvic acid

degraded

mixed acid (lactic a., oxaloacetic a., formic a.)

True among enteric bacteria ( + ) methyl red test ( acidity - basis ) e.g. Escherichia coli 6. Strickland fermentation - fermentation of nitrogenous organic compound

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

PYRUVIC ACID is degraded into the following products: 7. Butanediol fermentation Vogues Proskauer test pyruvic acid precursor of acetoin or acetyl ROH carbinol (neutral) reduced 2, 3 butanediol reaction: reversible in the presence of air 8. Butyric acid fermentation Clostridia spp. reduced Butanol Isopropanol Acetone Ethanol

end product

BACTERIAL METABOLISM

AEROBIC RESPIRATION = ultimate electron acceptor is molecular O2.

a. Krebs Cycle
glycolytic pyruvic acid Energy yield:

also:

Citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) glucose

Krebs cycle 686 kcal/mole 36 + 2 = 38 ATP yield

enter

b. Glyoxylate cycle (modification of TCA cycle)

NUTRITION OF BACTERIA
need nutrients, Oxygen, pH, and Temperature

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT

Four Groups
1. Obligate Anaerobes grows only on high reducing intensity - lacks catalase, peroxidase, superoxides 2. Facultative Anaerobes can grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 3. Obligate Aerobes can not grow unless oxygen is present 4. Microaerophilic organism can grow under condition of low oxygen tension

TEMPERATURE

1.

Three groups:
Psychrophiles bacteria grow in the range of 5-10o
with optimum of 10-20o

2.

Mesophiles Best grow at 20-45o

Most medically important bacteria belong here.

3.

Thermophiles organism prefer high temperatures.

pH

Important for multiplication of bacteria Growth ranges from 3 to 4 Most pathogenic bacteria ranges from 7.2 7.6

BACTERIAL GROWTH
- with adequate nutrition bacterium enlarges by binary fission forming two daughter cells PARENT CELL ELONGATION OF THE CELL CELL ENVELOPES GROW INWARDS FORMATION OF TRANSVERSE WALL SEPARATION OF CELL FORMING 2 DAUGHTER

BACTERIAL GROWTH
BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE Lag phase

Log phase/exponential phase

Stationary phase Decline phase

Bacterial Growth Cycle

Lag phase
- adaptation, maturation, no division yet - synthesis of RNA, enzymes and other molecules occurs Exponential phase (log phase or the logarithmic phase) - a period characterized by cell doubling

Stationary phase
- the growth rate slows as a result of nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic products - a constant value as the rate of bacterial growth is equal to the rate of bacterial death

Death phase
- bacteria run out of nutrients and die

BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE

MICROBIAL GENETICS
DNA 2 purines: Adenine & Guanine 2 pyrimidines: Cytosine & Thymine Each purine and pyrimidine are joined by hydrogen bonds Compatible pairs: Adenine (A) & Thymine (T) Guanine (G) & Cytosine (C)

MICROBIAL GENETICS
GENETICS:

Each DNA carries w/in molecules the message that controls the activity of the cell DNA w/in cell are double helix (1 strand copied it produce 1 single identical strand etc.) Once DNA strand are transcribed it produce an RNA ( result of complementary base pairing w/in DNA called mRNA codes for 1 amino acid which reacts to a specific anticodon producing tRNA ) ( known as the carrier of amino acid )

MUTATION

Genetic change as a result of a mistake in replication of DNA Rate can be increased by the use of 1. mutagenic agents reacting with DNA 2. DNA replication 3. base pair substitutions 4. frame shift mutations 5. nonsense mutation

GENETIC TERMS
DNA REPLICATION chromosomes makes copy of itself. DNA & GENETIC CODES DNA determines the sequence of amino acid in the manufacture of cellular protein TRANSCRIPTION DNA copying into corresponding RNA TRANSLATION process in w/c mRNA directs the synthesis of a specific protein GENETIC CODES the sequence of bases over the sequence of amino acid CODON series of 3 nucleotides in a nucleic acid that codes 1 specific amino acid ANTICODON 3 nucleotides on a tRNA that recognized the codon of mRNA STRUCTURAL GENES genes that codes for protein synthesis

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic Agents

CHEMOTHERAPY = treatment of infection by means of a substance use to combat m.o.

PROPERTIES of an IDEAL ANTIBIOTIC: 1. Selective toxicity -- toxic to m.o. but not to the host 2. Bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic 3. Effective against broad range of m.o. 4. Not allergenic 5. Remain active in the plasma, serum, or presence of exudate 6. Water soluble & stable

Chemotherapeutic Agents
MECHANISM of 1. Interfere with 2. Interfere with 3. Interfere with 4. Interfere with ACTION of ANTIBIOTICS: the cell wall synthesis protein synthesis nucleic acid metabolism cell membrane function

Chemotherapeutic Agents
ANTIBIOTIC AFFECTING the CELL WALL 1. Penicillin 2 kinds: natural (Pen G) semisynthetic (cloxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin) Cephalosporins = resemble Penicillin 2. Bacitracin 3. Cycloserine 4. Vancomycin

Chemotherapeutic Agents
ANTIBIOTIC AFFECTING the CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION
1. 2. 3. 4. Polymyxin -- against Pseudomonas & Gram ( - ) Polyenes -- antifungal Amphothericin B -- Tx for deep seated fungi Nystatin -- for superficial antifungal infection

Chemotherapeutic Agents
ANTIBIOTIC that INTERFERE DNA FUNCTION
1. Nalidixic acid 2. Novobiocin 3. Griseofulvin

END
QUIZ NEXT MEETING