LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION

Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson

Chapter 6

A Tour of the Cell

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Components of the endomembrane system

Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Plasma membrane

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.11

Smooth ER Rough ER

Nucle ar envel ope

ER lumen Cistern ae

Ribosom es Transport vesicle Smooth ER

Transitional ER 200 nm

Rough ER

Figure 6.12

cis face (receiving side of Golgi apparatus)

0.1 m Cistern ae

trans face (shipping side of Golgi apparatus)

TEM of Golgi apparatus

Figure 6.15-3

Nucleus

Smooth ER cis Golgi

Rough ER

trans Golgi

Plasma membra ne

A pancreatic beta cell produces and secrete insulin (a protein hormone). Trace the pathway of production and export of this protein from the nucleus to the blood stream. Describe what happens at each stop along its way.

Brefeldin A is an antibiotic produced by fungal organisms. It interferes with transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus (by blocking receiving end of the Golgi), leading to proteins accumulating inside the ER. What are the immediate and long-term consequences of this antibiotic on cell structure and function?

Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another

Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria

Enveloped by a double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.17

Intermembrane space

Ou ter membran e

10 m Mitochond ria

Free ribosomes in the mitochond rial matrix (a) Diagram and TEM of mitochondrion

D N A Inn er membra ne Cristae Mat rix 0.1 m

Mitochondr ial DNA Nuclear DNA ( Network of mitochondria in a b protist ) cell (LM)

Figure 6.18

Ribosom es

Stro ma Inner and outer membra nes Gran um Chloropla sts (red)

50 m

DNA Intermembrane Thylak oid TEM of space (a) Diagram and chloroplast

1 m

(b) Chloroplasts in an algal cell

The Endosymbiont theory

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.16

Engulfing of oxygenusing nonphotosynthetic prokaryote, which becomes a mitochondrion Mitochondri on

Endoplasm ic reticulum Nuclea r envelo pe

Nucleu s

Ancestor of eukaryotic cells (host cell) Engulfing of photosyntheti c prokaryote Chloropla st

Nonphotosynthet ic eukaryote

At least one cell

Mitochondri on Photosynthetic eukaryote

Figure 6.UN01a

Nucl eus

( E R )

Figure 6.UN01c

Functional group OH CH2 COOH NH2 SH PO4

Polar or Nonpolar?

Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic

Found in all proteins

Found in many proteins

Found in many lipids

carbohydrates Always contain P Generally contain no P* Always contain N Generally contain no N Frequently contain S

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

Generally contain no S

Compare and contrast the two molecules below using the following criteria : A.the arrangement of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms B.the types of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms C.the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms D. the number of covalent bonds E. Functional role in cell

The functional group of the amino acid threonine is -OH. The functional group of the amino acid valine is methyl. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in globular protein in aqueous solution? Draw a picture