SBC1142 / SBQ2122 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

by

Ir. Mohamad Salleh Yassin

Department of Structures & Materials Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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OBJECTIVES
After completing this subject ___ should be able to :

understand the concept, procedure and objective of structural design

prepare structural layout plan for a typical building floors.

prepare and present a complete design calculations for beams and slabs. prepare structural detailing for beams and slabs.

REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. BS 8110: Part 1, 2 and 3 : 1997 Structural Use of Concrete. Mac Ginley, T.J., Reinforced Concrete Design, Theory and Examples, E & FN SPON, 1995. Allen, A.H., Reinforced Concrete Design to BS 8110 Simply Explained, 1988. Mosley, W.H. and Bungey, J.H, Reinforced Concrete Design, MacMillan Education Ltd., 1999. Martin, L.H., Structural Design in Concrete to BS 8110, Edward Arnold, 1989. Higgins and Rogers, Design and Details: BS 8110, Cement and Concrete Assoc., 1990. Ray, S.S., Reinforced Concrete: Analysis and Design, Blackwell Science, 1995. M. L. Zakaria et al, Rekabentuk konkrit Prategasan, DBP, 1990

RM 59.90

RM 10.00
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INTRODUCTION & GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Definition Purpose of design Project procedure Design Process Reinforced concrete Structural elements Code of practice Method of design

Loads Limit states design Material strength Partial safety factor Stress-strain relation Behavior of beams in bending Types of failure

DESIGN
A process of determination of

reliable structural system, selection of suitable materials and determination of optimum member sizes for the structure to be built.

PURPOSE OF DESIGN
to provide a structure which satisfy the following criteria :

Fitness for purpose Safety and reliability Durability Economy User comfort Maintainability
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PROJECT PROCEDURE
Project Manager (Architect or.Engineer, or ..)

Architect

Consultants

Mechanical and Electrical engineer (M & E)

Quantity Surveyor

Civil and Structural engineer (C & S)

Contractor (QS, Project Engineer, Site Supervisor, Clerk, Construction workers)

Client/Project Manager

Architect

Determine the arrangement and layout of the structure to meet the clients requirements. Produce architecture drawings
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Determines the best structural systems or forms to bring the architects concept into being Analysis and design the structure Produce the structural drawings
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QUANTITY SURVEYOR

Prepare bill of quantities, specification and contract documents.

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CONTRACTOR

Construct the structure under the supervision of engineers and architects.

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DESIGN PROCESS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Idealization of the structure into frames and elements. Estimation of loads. Analysis to determine the maximum moments, shears, etc. Design of sections and reinforcement for every structural elements. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.
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Architect drawings

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Elevation

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Plan

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Plan

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Section

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Structural drawing

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Details

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Construction

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REINFORCED CONCRETE

Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
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CONCRETE Strength in tension Strength in compression Strength in shear Durability Poor Good Fair Good Good

STEEL Good, but slender will buckle. Good Corrodes if unprotected Poor suffers rapid loss of strength at high temperatures
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bars

Fire resistance

Good

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

Column Ribbed slab Column

Slab

Beam

wall

Staircase

Landing Slab

Ground floor

Strip footing Pad footing

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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Beams Slabs Columns

Walls Foundations Staircases

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CODE OF PRACTICE
(DESIGN STANDARD)
Document that gives recommendations for the design and construction of structures. It contain detailed requirements regarding loads, stresses, strength, design formulas and methods of achieving the required performance of completed structure.
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The oldest code known

If a builder has built a house if the house he has built falls and kills the householder, the builder shall be slain
- The code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, about 3800 years ago.

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Design practice in Malaysia generally based on British Standards. BS 8110 : 1997: Structural Use of Concrete
Part 1 : Code of practice for design and construction

Part 2 : Code of practice for special circumstances Part 3 : Design chart

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BS 6399 : 1984: Design Loading for Building

Part 1 : Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.

CP 3 : 1972 : Chapter V : Loading

Part 2 : Wind load

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METHODS OF DESIGN

PERMISSIBLE STRESS DESIGN

LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

LIMIT STATE DESIGN

PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN
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LIMIT STATE DESIGN

The criteria for safe design:

The structure should not become unfit for use, i.e. that it should not reach a limit state during its design life
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LIMIT STATES

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

The whole structure or its elements should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to the design loads.

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

The structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking or vibration.
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LOADS

Characteristic load
The actual loads that the structure is design to carry i.e. the maximum loads which will not be exceeded during the life of the structure (* 95% probability of not being exceed)

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The self-weight of the structure and the weight of finishes, ceilings, services and partitions.

Characteristic Dead Load, Gk

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The weight of people, furniture, equipment etc. on the floors. Given in BS 6399: Part 1 for various type of buildings.

Characteristic Imposed Load, Qk

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Characteristic Wind Load, Wk

Depends on the location,shape and dimensions of the buildings. Wind loads are estimated using CP3: Chapter V : Part 2.

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Design Load
= Characteristic load x partial safety factor

= (Gk, Qk, Wk ) x gf
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MATERIAL STRENGTH

Characteristic strength, fk
The value below which not more than 5% of the test results fall.

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Characteristic strength = Mean strength 1.64s

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Characteristic strength of concrete, fcu =

*

the 28 day cube strength in N/mm2

The grade recommended by BS 8110 are 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 N/mm2 for normal weight concrete.

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Characteristic strength of steel reinforcement, fy = the yield or proof stress in N/mm2

The specified strength given in BS 8110 are,

fy = 250 N/mm2 for mild steel (R) fy = 460 N/mm2 for high yield steel (T)
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Design strength
=

Characteristic strength Partial safety factor for strength fk / gm

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PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

The partial safety factor for load gf takes account of

possible increases in load inaccurate assessment of the effect of loads unforeseen stress distributions in members the importance of the limit state being considered Construction inaccuracies

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The partial safety factor for load, gf

Load type Dead load Adverse Beneficial Imposed load Adverse Beneficial Earth, wind & water pressure 1.4

Load combination Dead and Imposed (and earth and water) Dead and Wind (and earth and water) Dead, wind and imposed (and earth and water)

1.4

1.0

1.6

1.4

1.0

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2
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The partial safety factor for strength gm takes account of

Uncertainties in strength of materials in the structure Uncertainties in the accuracy of method used to predict the behavior of material Variations in member sizes and building dimensions.

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Values of gm for the ultimate limit states 1.15 1.5 1.25 1.4 > 1.5
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Reinforcement Concrete in flexure or axial load Shear strength Bond strength Others, e.g. bearing strength

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

The loads on structure cause distortion of its members with resulting stresses and strains in the concrete and steel. To carry out analysis and design, knowledge of the relationship between these stresses and strains is necessary. Stress-strain curves are used primarily to describe these relationships.
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
- for concrete

Actual curve

Design curve

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Important notes :

The maximum stress is reach at a strain of about 0.002 Disintegration of concrete does not commence, however, until the strain reaches 0.0035

The maximum stress is seen to be only 80% of the characteristic strength

For design purposes the maximum design stress is taken as 0.67fcu/gm

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STRESS-STRAIN CURVES

- for reinforcement

Actual curve

Design curve

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Important notes : Yielding commences at the design strength of fy/gm The modulus of elasticity is 200 kN/mm2 The behavior and strength of reinforcement are taken to be the same in tension and compression

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BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS IN BENDING

Load Compression Reinforcement Tension crack (a). Simply supported beam Load Load Load

Tension zone

(b). Continuous beam

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Stress and strain distribution

Fcc Fst ecc
X 0.45fcu 0.45fcu

Fcc Fst

Fcc

S=0.9x

Fcc
(d - 0.5s)

est

Fst

Fst

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Assumptions in defining the behavior of section

Strain distribution is assumed to be linear. This is based on hypothesis that the plane sections before bending remain plane and perpendicular to the neutral axis after bending. Strain in steel and the surrounding concrete is the same prior to cracking of the concrete or yielding of the steel. Concrete is weak in tension. So concrete in the tension zone of the section is neglected and reinforcement is assumed to take total tensile force.
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DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS, X

From strain diagram, ecc/x = est/(d - x) x = d/[1 + (est/ecc)]

At the ultimate limit states, where concrete fails and steel yield simultaneously, ecc = 0.0035 est = 0.87fy/Es = 0.87fy/200 x 103 For fy = 500 N/mm2,

est =

0.002175

So, x = d/[(1 + (0.002175/0.003500] = 0.617d

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TYPES OF FAILURE

Three failure situations can occur depending on the amount of reinforcement provided.

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1. BALANCED
The concrete fails and the steel yields simultaneously at

ultimate load. The concrete strain is 0.0035 and the steel strain 0.002. Neutral axis depth, x = 0.617d

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2. UNDER REINFORCED
If less steel is provided than in case 1 the steel has reach

yield and continues yielding before the concrete fails at ultimate load. Cracks appear giving warning of failure. Neutral axis depth, x < 0.617d

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3. OVER REINFORCED
If more steel is provided than in case 1, the concrete fails

suddenly without warning before the steel reaches yield. Neutral axis depth, x > 0.617d

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The Fisherman
A man was strolling on the beach when he saw a fisherman fishing on the cliff. He went up and asked the fisherman how was his catch. The fisherman replied there wasn't many fishes but he was contented and happy with his catch. The man went on and told the fisherman that he should go out into the ocean, that way he would get more fishes to sell. If the fisherman was really good, he could set up a company and buy up trawlers, catch even more fishes and earn even more money. Having achieved all these, the fisherman could buy all the things he wanted, that including a beach resort, do the things he wanted like relaxing down at the beach eg. fishing recreationally. The fisherman looked puzzled, "I don't understand this, you are suggesting that I should go one big loop so as to end up where I am today, happily fishing on the cliff?"

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***PENGAJARAN DARIPADA CERITA DI ATAS***** Almost everyone here is constantly working to achieve happiness. We all work hard, trying to earn more money. What is the point of all this when we are not happy? Afterall, we are forcing ourselves to work harder just to obtain happiness. Are we all trying to be like the man above, going a full circle to end up being at the same place. Your parents have been telling you, study hard get a good job, work hard and earn your keep, only then you would be happy. We have to realise that the key to happiness is to appreciate yourself and Life. It is not about working yourself to death and getting no where. We all want the same goal, to be happy. Basic happiness is to look introspective. Success depends heavily on yourself, your innerself.

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