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INTRODUCTION
What is mechanical seal ? Mechanical seal are leakage control devices, which are generally found on rotating equipments like pumps and mixers to prevent fluid escaping into the environment. NEEED OF MECHANICAL SEAL : TO MINIMIZE LEAKAGE TO PREVENT TOXIC FLUIDS ESCAPING TO ATMOSPHERE TO REDUCE POWER LOSS
Leakage
Life
Periodical tightening required and must be replaced if wear of shaft or sleeve becomes excessive
Power Loss
Small as frictions area and coefficient Big as friction area and coefficient area are small (Energy Saving Type) are large
Cost
Running cost is low as maintenance is Running cost is high due to necessary not necessary maintenance
SINGLE SEALS
The most common seal configuration is to mount a single seal inside the pump cavity (Figure 1). Such a seal is chosen because it is reasonably leak-free. They are used frequently in pumps and machines in which lubrication or cooling by the product itself can be counted on. However, when abrasive particles from the liquid get between the seal faces, liquid from the pump under pressure will start to ooze, ultimately resulting in dripping. The single seal is also vulnerable to damage caused by cavitation, which, in turn, causes excessive vibration. The seal surfaces may suffer chemical attack and become roughened, which speeds up the abrasion process and shortens the life of the seal so that leakage will occur prematurely. And, finally, with the seal inside the pump chamber, seal components (often metal) are subject to attack from the pumped fluid
Fig. 1
SINGLE SEAL
INSIDE MOUNTED SEAL INSIDE THE SEAL CHAMBER Inside mounted = pressure on outside diameter of parts OUTSIDE MOUNTED
SEAL OUTSIDE THE SEAL CHAMBER Outside mounted = pressure on inside diameter of parts Outside-mounted seals are considered to be used for lowpressure applications since both seal faces, the primary ring and mating ring, are put in tension. This limits the pressure capability of the seal.
SINGLE SEALS
INSIDE MOUNTED SINGLE SEAL OUTSIDE MOUNTED SINGLE SEAL
DUAL SEALS
Dual seals can be either pressurized or non-pressurized. This is in reference to the artificial environment that is provided to exist between the seals.
A non-pressurized dual seal, also known as a Tandem arrangement, means that the inner, or primary seal is functioning as would a single seal. It is subject to stuffing box conditions, i.e. stuffing box pressure, process liquid to lubricate the faces and usually immersion of seal components in the process liquid. The secondary, or outside seal runs in a non-pressurized Buffer liquid that is supplied from an outside source, typically a nearby supply tank.
In a non-pressurized dual arrangement, the outside seal is primarily there as a containment device in the event that the inside or primary seal is lost. A Back up or safety mechanism.
Buffer fluid warmed by seal generated heat returns to the buffer supply tank
Cool buffer fluid from the buffer supply tank enters via the inlet port
Failure indication and shutdown devices can be attached to the buffer supply so that the pump operators know when the primary seal has failed.
Pressurizing the artificial environment, 20 to 30 psi. above the pump stuffing box pressure will prevent process liquid from crossing the primary seal faces. Instead, boundary layer film liquid is supplied to the primary seal by the artificial environment or Barrier.
External fluid lubricates both sets of faces.
PUSHER TYPE
The basic difference between pusher and non-pusher types have to do with the dynamics of the shaft packing or O-ring and whether or not it moves as the seal wears. As the seal faces wear down over time, they must be closed to compensate for lost face material. If the shaft O-ring must move when this compensation takes place, it is pushed forward by the components of the seal and by stuffing box pressure. If the seal is configured with a dynamic O-ring of this type the seal is called a pusher type.
Illustrated here is a common pusher seal. As the seal springs and other pressures in the stuffing box are exerted on the seal, closure of the faces is achieved.
As the softer carbon face wears down, the rotating face must move to maintain face closure.
Minute particles of carbon and solids from the process liquid that migrate across the seal faces build up on the shaft.
This build up will ultimately cause the seal to hang up and in most cases, failure will occur well before the seal is actually worn out.
NON-PUSHER
There are seal types that have no dynamic O-rings. All Orings are static and the seal components compensate for face wear without pushing any sealing points.
One of these types is called a Bellows Seal. A disadvantage of this style seal is that its thin bellows cross sections must be upgraded for use in corrosive environments
Metal bellows are constructed by welding leaflets into a series of convolutions. This series of convolutions is referred to as the Bellows Core. SEAL HANGUP due to clogging of spring or dynamic elastomeric materials which is a matter of concern in PUSHER TYPE SEAL is avoided in non pusher type
Metal bellows
SEAL BALANCE
To reduce the axial face contact force which allows to seal high pressures, i.e. up to 3000 psig with one set of faces. It is the ratio (k) of 2 geometric areas: the closing (Ah) and opening area (Ac) K= Ah / Ac For unbalanced seals k = 1 For balanced seals k = 1
SEALING FACES
The mechanical seal faces are obviously the most critical sealing point of a mechanical seal assembly. In order for a seal to be achieved, the faces must be very flat and is to be laid perpendicular to the shaft. This is achieved by machining the faces, then lapping them to a fine finish. Flatness is measured in Light Bands. After lapping, the faces are placed on an Optical Flat, a clear glass surface where a monochromatic light is shined on the face. This single wavelength light will produce an image of rings or lines on the face. Each ring/line is One Light Band. Each light band is equivalent to .000011 or eleven millionths of an inch. This refers to the variations in the surface of the face.
Category 1
For non - ISO 13709 Seal Chambers Temperatures from -40 C (-40 F) to 260 C (500 F)
Absolute
Pressures
up to 22 bar (315
psi )
Category 2
For ISO 13709 Seal Chambers (Table 1 only)
Temperatures from -40 C (-40 F) to 400 C (750 F)
Absolute
Pressures
up to
42 bar
(615 psi)
Category 3
Must meet full specification (incl. documentation)
For ISO 13709 Seal Chambers (Table 1 only)
Temperatures from
-40 C (-40 F)
to
400 C (750 F)
Absolute
Pressures
up to
Type A
Balanced internally-- mounted cartridge pusher multiple springs flexible element rotating secondary sealing by elastomer o-rings
Type B
Balanced internally- mounted cartridge non - pusher ( metal bellows ) Flexible element rotating secondary sealing by elastomer O - RINGS
Type C
Balanced internally - mounted cartridge non - pusher flexible ( metal bellows) flexible graphite element stationary
secondary sealing by
Arrangement 1: Arrangement 2:
one seal per cartridge assembly two seals per cartridge assembly
with a containment seal chamber at pressure less than the seal chamber pressure
Arrangement 3:
Contacting
Wet
Seals (CW)
Non - contacting
Seals
Containment
Seals
orientations for
Face-to-
Back
Back-to-
Back
Face-to-
Face
FLUSHING PLANS
There are different types of flushing plans used depend upon the conditions. These are following condition for selecting suitable mechanical seal flushing plan for both the supplier and vendor. Nature of working fluid (pumping fluid)such as toxic, corrosiveness, hazards chemicals. Suspended solid particles in the pumping fluid. Temperature of pumping fluid Vapour pressure of pumping fluid
Example for sealing and material code: BSTFO = balanced, single-acting mechanical seal with throttle bush, with dynamic and static secondary seals (O-rings) made of FKM and seal faces/ secondary seats made of tungsten carbide against silicon carbide
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