NAME: PROGRAM: SEMESTER: REG#:

NASIRAHMAD B.S TELECOM 8TH SU/08-01-03028

DATE: UNIVERSITY:

20-04-2012 SARHAD UNIVERSITY

Project title
Energy Efficient Approach for the Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Topics to be covered
A survey on wireless sensor network Applications of wireless sensor networks Different routing protocols in wireless sensor network Simulation using ns-2 For simulation following things are needed 1. C++ 2. Tool command language (TCL) 3. linux

A Survey on sensor network

Abstract Development in wireless communication and electronics has enabled the development of low cost sensor network. Application area is wide, use in domestic, industry, military, agriculture, e.t.c

Introduction
Nodes (tiny sensors)= match box, it contain sensing unit, processing unit, communication components, power unit. Communicate each other in short distance make a network called sensor network. A sensor network is composed of large number of nodes densely deployed in the field. Position is not predetermined.

SENSOR NETWORKS COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE

sensor nodes are scattered in the sensing field collect data and route it to sink Sink communicate with task manager node via internet or satellite Design of sensor network is influenced by some factors

DESIGN FACTORS
including fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, operating environment, sensor network topology, hardware constraints, transmission media, and power consumption.

Hardware Constraints

THE PHYSICAL LAYER

The physical layer is responsible for frequency selection, carrier frequency generation, signal detection, modulation, and data encryption. Frequency selection 7km bluetooth radio system at 2.4 GHz, 10km infrared free licence 915 MHz. Modulation: binary and m-ary modulation

THE DATA LINK LAYER

The MAC protocol in a wireless multi-hop selforganizing sensor network must achieve two goals. The first is the creation of the network infrastructure. The second objective is to fairly and efficiently share Communication resources between sensor nodes. Since thousands of sensor nodes are densely scattered in a sensor field, the MAC scheme must establish communication links for data transfer.

NETWORK LAYER
One important function of the network layer is to provide Internetworking with external networks such as other sensor networks, command and control systems and the Internet. In one scenario, the sink nodes can be used as a gateway to other networks.

Protocols
FLOODING (resource blindness) GOSSIPING (derivation of flooding) SENSOR PROTOCOLS FOR INFORMATION VIA NEGOTIATION SEQUENTIAL ASSIGNMENT ROUTING LOWENERGY ADAPTIVE CLUSTERING HIERARCHY DIRECTED DIFFUSION SMALL MINIMUM ENERGY COMMUNICATION NETWORK

Wireless sensor network

Applications of wireless sensor network

Abstract
Wireless sensors due to small size, low cost and making a wireless sensor network makes its use in many applications. i.e military applications, environmental monitoring, commercial or human centric applications and applications to robotics.

A. Military applications
war time wireless sensor networks up to 90 nodes. It is used for information collection, battle field surveillance, enemy tracking, target classification. Ohio State University has made a wireless sensor network of 90 nodes to detect metallic object. The name of this project is the line in sand and its objective was classification and tracking of the moving object with metals for example armed soldiers and vehicals.

Peace time
We can also use it for home land security, property protection and surveillance, border patrol etc.

B. Environmental monitoring
Indoor environmental monitoring and emergency services like SABER (Sensors and Buildings Engineering Research Center) Graduate students have installed 50 match box size smart dust motes in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences of U.C. Berkeley to monitor light and temperature. The lights from door, windows and frames and temperature of the building was sensed by the sensors and controlled through heater and A.C.

Outdoor Monitoring Application to Ecology

One of the most representative examples is the deployment of a sensor network consisting of 32 nodes on Great Duck Island (GDI), This network was used for habitat monitoring. The sensor that were used were able to sense temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity. The aim was to monitor the natural environment of a bird and its behavior according to climatic changes.

Method
some motes were installed inside birds to in detects its presence and the rest were deployed in surrounding area. Data are aggregated via nodes and passed through it to a gateway The University of Hawaii has also been occupied with the study of the environment . They have focused the research in Volcano National Park, trying to discover why some species can only live in a specific

C. Human-centric applications
Health science and the health care system can also benefit from the use of wireless sensors. Intels research concerns senior citizens and their problems. Cognitive disorders, which perhaps lead to Alzheimers, can be monitored and controlled at their early stages, using wireless sensors. Intel in Portland and in Las Vegas is carrying out such an experiment (Proactive Health Research).

D. Applications to robotics
Many applications coupling motes and robots have been proposed. For example, Robomote is a tiny robot developed by the USC Center for Robotics and Embedded Systems to promote research in large-scale sensor network where robots participate