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A, 5th week Testis begins its primary descent; kidney ascends. B, 8th-9th weeks. Kidney reaches adult position. C, 7th month, Testis at internal inguinal ring; gubernaculum (in inguinal fold) thickens and shortens. D, Postnatal life.
Introduction
An undescended testis is one which has filed to descend to the scrotum & is retained at any point along the normal path of descend Right side: 50% Left side: 30% Bilateral: 20% cryptorchidism
Undescended testis
Scrotal testis: The testis lies in the upper part of the scrotum Also known as a retractile testis Normal scrotal sac & testis The testis can be brought down
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Ectopic testis
The testis fails to descend into the scrotum & is deviated from its normal path of descent
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Workup
Preterm and maternal history, including the use of gestational steroids Perinatal history, including documentation of a scrotal examination at birth
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Management of Cryptorchidism
Proper identification of the anatomy, position, and viability of the undescended testis Identification of any potential coexisting syndromic abnormalities Placement of the testis within the scrotum in timely fashion to prevent further testicular impairment in either fertility potential or endocrinologic function Attainment of permanent fixation of the testis with a normal scrotal position that allows for easy palpation No further testicular damage resulting from the treatment
Definitive treatment of an undescended testis should take place between 6 and 12 months of age
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Hormonal Therapy
Exogenous hCG and Exogenous GnRH or LHRH.
Increases serum testosterone production by stimulation at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal cascade Successful results are more commonly reported in older groups of children and in testes that were retractile or below the external inguinal ring. E.g. the lower the pretreatment position, the better the success rate
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The overall efficacy of hormonal treatment is less than 20% for cryptorchid testes and is significantly dependent on pretreatment testicular location.
Therefore, surgery remains the gold standard for the management of undescended testes.
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Standard Orchiopexy.
The key steps in this procedure are --(1) complete mobilization of the testis and spermatic cord, (2) repair of the patent processus vaginalis by high ligation of the hernia sac, (3) skeletonization of the spermatic cord without sacrificing vascular integrity to achieve tension-free placement of the testis within the dependent position of the scrotum, and (4) creation of a superficial pouch within the hemiscrotum to receive the testis.
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A transverse inguinal skin incision is made in the midinguinal canal, usually in a skin crease in children younger than 1 year The dermis is opened with electrocautery, and subcutaneous tissue and Scarpa's fascia are opened sharply. The skin and subcutaneous tissue are quite elastic in younger children and allow for a tremendous degree of mobility by retractor positioning for viewing the entire length of the inguinal canal.
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A, High ligation of the processus vaginalis at the internal inguinal ring. B, The ligated processus and the cord structures
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Separation of the internal spermatic fascia from the cord structures after ligation of the processus vaginalis
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Complications of Orchiopexy
Testicular retraction, Hematoma formation, Ilioinguinal nerve injury, Postoperative torsion (either iatrogenic or spontaneous), Damage to the vas deferens, and Testicular atrophy
Devascularization with atrophy of the testis can result from skeletonization of the cord, from overzealous electrocautery
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