By: Siti Norhanani Che Mat

WHAT ARE STDs..???

mainly passed from one person to another (that is transmitted) during sex. at least 25 different sexually transmitted diseases with a range of different symptoms.

may be spread through vaginal, anal and oral sex.

will affect you if you have sexual contact with someone who has an STD.

However there are some infections, for example scabies, which are referred to as STDs because they are most commonly transmitted sexually, but which can also be passed on in other ways.

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

another name for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD).

The name STI is sometimes preferred because there are a few STDs, such as chlamydia, that can infect a person without causing any actual disease
Someone without symptoms may not think of themselves as having a disease, but they may still have an infection that needs treating.

What are common STD symptoms?????

STD symptoms vary, but the most common are soreness, unusual lumps or sores, itching, pain when urinating, and/or an unusual discharge from the genitals

How can you tell if you have a STD?

because of symptoms it may be that a sexual partner tells you they have an STD (might have passed on to you) can be transmitted by an infected person even if they don't have any symptoms. Many can be easily cured, but if left untreated, they may cause unpleasant symptoms and could lead to long-term damage such as infertility. Some STDs can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her unborn child. It is important that anyone diagnosed with an STD informs everyone they have had sex with within the past year

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

not an STD (not transmitted via sexual intercourse)

However, it can be exacerbated by sex and is more frequently found in sexually active women than those who have never had intercourse.
It is caused by an imbalance in the normal healthy bacteria found in the vagina and although it is relatively harmless and may pass unnoticed, it can sometimes produce an abundance of unpleasant fishy smelling discharge.

WHAT CAUSES IT ..??

there have been suggestions that the alkaline nature may upset the acidic nature of the vaginal bacteria.

the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (coil).

Treatment
A woman cannot pass BV to a man, but BV can occasionally travel up into the uterus and fallopian tubes and cause a more serious infection.

applying a cream to the vagina

taking antibiotics.

Chlamydia
caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. infects the urethra, rectum and eyes in both sexes, and the cervix in women. long-term infection can lead to fertility problems in women.

transmitted through genital contact and sexual intercourse with someone already infected. from a mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. by transferring the infection on fingers from the genitals to the eyes, although it is rare for this to happen.

Women a minor increase in vaginal discharge caused by an inflamed cervix. cystitis (an inflammation of the lining of the bladder). the need to urinate more frequently, or pain whilst passing urine. pain during sexual intercourse or bleeding after sex. mild lower abdominal pains. irregular menstrual bleeding. a painful swelling and irritation in the eyes (if they become infected).

Men a white/cloudy and watery discharge from the penis that may stain underwear. a burning sensation and/or pain when passing urine. a painful swelling and irritation in the eyes (if they become infected).

TREATMENTS
antibiotic tablets.
should not have penetrative sex until treatment has finished. use condoms

Crabs or Pubic Lice

are small crab-shaped parasites that burrow into the skin to feed on blood. They live on coarse body hair, predominantly pubic hair, but can also be found in armpit hair, facial hair and even on eyelashes. yellow-grey in colour and use their crab-like claws to grip hair strands. They can sometimes be spotted moving on the skin. easily passed on during sex, but can also be passed on through sharing clothes, towels or bedding with someone who has them. Crabs cannot be transmitted via toilet seats or swimming pools.

Crabs symptoms

noticed around 5 days to 7 weeks after infection and include: itchy skin. inflammation of the affected area. sometimes visible lice and eggs. spots of blood as lice feed from blood vessels in the skin.

Treatments

Genital warts
are caused by some sub-types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). They can appear on the skin anywhere in the genital area as small whitish or fleshcoloured bumps, or larger, fleshy, cauliflower-like lumps. Pearly penile papules - small white or skin-coloured bumpsnumerous, appear in a ring around the edge of the head of the penis.

Angiokeratomas - bright red or purple spots that look a little like blood blisters.
SYMPTOMS Sebaceous glands ('Fordyce spots') - hard white, yellowish or skin-coloured found all over the skin of the penis and scrotum in men, and the vulva in women. Pimples or spots - caused by blocked sebaceous glands, pimples and spots can form just as easily around the genital area as they do on the face,

Podophyllin resin a brown liquid which is painted on to the wart(s) by a doctor or nurse and must be washed off 4 hours later (or sooner, if the area is irritated). Podopfilox lotion/gel can be applied to the wart(s) by the patient at home. The usual schedule is twice a day for 3 days, followed by 4 days without any lotion. This cycle is repeated for 4 weeks. Cryocautery (cryotherapy) uses liquid nitrogen to freeze more persistent warts every 1 to 3 weeks for a short period. Laser treatments this approach, which uses an intense beam of light, can be expensive and is usually reserved for very extensive and toughto-treat warts. Electrocautery an electrical current is used to super-heat a needle which burns the wart cells and cauterises the blood vessels. A local anesthetic is used to prevent any pain and the procedure is usually carried out at a doctor's surgery.

TREATMENTS

Gonorrhea (clap)
It affects both men and women and can infect the cervix, urethra, rectum, anus and throat Pass through penetrative sex including vaginal sex,anal sex and oral sex. Less often it can be transmitted by: a person using their mouth and tongue to lick or suck another person's anus. a person putting fingers into the vagina, anus or mouth of someone infected with gonorrhea, then touching their own mouth, genitals or anus without washing their hands in between. a burning sensation when urinating.

a white/yellow discharge from the penis.

a change in vaginal discharge. irritation or discharge from the anus (if the rectum is infected).

COMPLICATIONS
Gonorrhea can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), an inflammation of the fallopian tubes (the tubes along which an egg passes to get to the womb) If a woman is pregnant and has gonorrhea when giving birth, the infection may be passed on to her child. WOMEN Gonorrhea can cause painful inflammation of the testicles and the prostate gland, potentially leading to epididymitus Without treatment, a narrowing of the urethra or abscesses can develop after time MEN

an antibiotic in tablet, liquid or injection form. should not have penetrative sex until the infection is gone. Using latex or polyurethrane condoms

TREATMENTS

Hepatitis
hepatitis A - found in the faeces of someone infected with the virus.
takes a tiny amount of faeces getting inside another persons mouth to cause hepatitis A infection. also classed as STD - it can be passed on sexually, particularly during activities such as anilingus (rimming)

a short, mild, flu-like illness. nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. SYMPTOMS loss of appetite. weight loss. jaundice (yellow skin and whites of eyes, darker yellow urine and pale faeces). itchy skin. abdominal pain. wash the genital and anal areas before sex, and the use of condoms or dental dams get plenty of rest and eat a nutritious diet

PREVENTIONS

Hepatitis B
chronic long-term illness and permanent damage to the liver if not treated. passed on through the exchange of bodily fluids with an infected person Those with long term HBV are at high risk of developing liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.

by unprotected (without a condom) penetrative sex by sharing contaminated needles by using non-sterilised equipment from an infected mother to her baby chronic hepatitis. liver cirrhosis. liver cancer.

complications

HOW TO TREAT????

avoid alcohol, get plenty of rest and maintain a healthy diet. avoids infecting others with the virus, such as not sharing toothbrushes or shaving equipment. It is most important to use a condom for penetrative sex to prevent passing on the virus

Hepatitis C
transferred primarily through blood, and is more persistent than hepatitis A or B injecting drug users, people who receive transfusions of unscreened blood, haemophiliacs, dialysis patients and people who have unprotected sex with multiple sex partners.
a short, mild, flu-like illness. nausea and vomiting. diarrhoea. loss of appetite. weight loss. jaundice (yellow skin and whites of eyes, darker yellow urine and pale faeces). itchy skin.

SYMPTOMS

TREATMENTS & PREVENTIONS

liver function test (LFT) liver biopsy. A fine hollow needle is passed through the skin into the liver and a small sample is taken. use a condom for penetrative sex to ensure that they do not pass on the virus to their partners through any open genital cuts or sores. avoid sharing toothbrushes, shaving equipment (especially razors), or anything else

Herpes
caused by two strains of the herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is more common STD and usually manifests itself in the genital and anal area, whereas HSV-1 is more likely to affect the mouth and lips in the form of cold sores. symptoms

Both men and women may have multiple symptoms that include: itching or tingling sensations in the genital or anal area. small fluid-filled blisters that burst leaving small painful sores. pain when passing urine over the open sores (especially in women). headaches. backache. Flu-like symptoms, including swollen glands or fever.

Molluscum contagiosum ,MC(water warts)

viral infection resulting in a skin disease - small pearlshaped papules (bumps or lesions) 1 to 5 millimetres in diameter filled with a gungy white fluid that is very contagious. The papules appear on exposed skin such as the torso, thighs, genitalia and anus (develop 2 to 8 weeks after initial infection) transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact also indirectly through sharing towels, baths or clothing with someone infected. It is not strictly an STD as it often occurs in children, especially those prone to skin conditions grouped with sexual infections because of the risk of transmission through close body contact during sex

Reducing MC risks
The risk of becoming infected with MC can be reduced by: using condoms during sex

covering affected areas of skin

not sharing baths, clothing and towels. leave MC to clear up by itself (which usually takes around 6 to 18 months) remove by various medical treatments such as cryotherapy (freezing), diathermy (burning), or currettage (cutting or scraping).

In an HIV positive person, a large outbreak of molluscum contagiosum may indicate that the immune system is critically weak and it is advisable to seek medical attention.

Syphilis
bacterial infection which used to be known as the pox. It is usually sexually transmitted, but can also be passed from an infected woman to her unborn child. have several stages, of which the primary and secondary stages are very infectious. Left untreated the infection progresses to a latent stage. This may be followed by tertiary syphilis, which can seriously affect organs such as the heart, sometimes leading to death

Syphilis symptoms one or more painless ulcers on the penis, vagina, vulva, cervix, anus or mouth. small lumps in the groin due to swollen glands. a non-itchy rash. fever or flu-like symptoms.

TREATMENTS..
avoid any oral, vaginal or anal sex two-week course of intramuscular penicillin injections

Trichomoniasis (Trich)
caused by the single-celled organism Trichomonas vaginalis - transmitted through sex. It can infect the vagina and the male and female urethra. women are more likely to have symptoms than men.

symptoms

discharge in both men and women (sometimes copious and unpleasant smelling in women). discomfort or pain whilst having sex. pain when urinating and inflammation of the urethra. experience an inflammation of the vulva and cystitis (an infection of the urinary system). The most effective prevention method is to practise safer sex by using condoms. Treatment for both men and women is a drug called metronidazole If a woman is pregnant then she should seek medical advice before pursuing treatment.
PREVENTION &TREATMENT