eleCTRIC CIRCUITS

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REPORTED BY : SR. RACELYN and SR. LYNA

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OHMS LAW
The simplest electric circuit contains a source

of electric energy such as a dry cell or wall outlet, a load such as a light bulb or fan, and conductors such as wires to provide a path for electric current to flow. The resistor, a load that converts electric energy to heat, will be used in all diagrams to represent the load. A dry cell will be used to represent the energy source.
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 the term Ohm's law is also used to

refer to various generalizations of the law originally formulated by Ohm. The simplest example of this is:

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 where J is the current density

at a given location in a resistive material,

is the electric field at that E

location,
and is a material

dependent parameter called 5/12/12

 mathematical equation that describes

this relationship:

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where I is the current

through the conductor in units of amperes.

V is the potential difference

measured across the conductor in units of volts.

and R is the resistance of
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Georg Simon Ohm

(16 March 1789 6 July 1854) was a Bavarian (German) physicist and

mathematician. Ohm began his research with the new electrochemical cell.
Invented by Italian scientist

Alessandro Volta.

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Electric circuit
Most practical applications of

electricity involve the flow of electric current in a closed path under the influence of a driving voltage, analogous to the flow in a water circuit under the influence of a driving pressure. A complete path, typically through conductors such as wires and through circuit elements, is called an electric circuit. 5/12/12

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resistance
Resistance is the property of a component

which restricts the flow of electric current.

Energy is used up as the voltage across the

component drives the current through it and this energy appears as heat in the component.
Resistance is measured in ohms, the

symbol for ohm is an omega .

1 is quite small for electronics so

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resistances are often given in k and

Resistance connected in Series

When resistors are connected in series their

combined resistance is equal to the individual resistances added together. For example if resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series their combined resistance, R, is given by:
Combined resistance in series: R = R1 + R2

This can be extended for more resistors:

R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ...

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When resistors are connected in parallel their

Resistance connected in Parallel

combined resistance is less than any of the individual resistances.

There is a special equation for the combined

resistance of two resistors R1 and R2:

Combined resistance of

two resistors in parallel: R = R1 R2

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+ R2

R1

Basic Electrical Safety

Make sure that exposed receptacle boxes are

made of non-conductive materials. Know where the breakers and boxes are located in case of an emergency. clearly.

Label all circuit breakers and fuse boxes Each switch should be positively identified as

to which outlet or appliance it is for. wiring.

Do not use outlets or cords that have exposed Do not use power tools with the guards
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Inspect tools, power cords, and electrical fittings for

damage or wear prior to each use.

Repair or replace damaged equipment immediately. Nails and staples can damage cords causing fire and

shock hazards.
Use cords or equipment that is rated for the level of

amperage or wattage that you are using.

Place halogen lights away from combustible materials

such as cloths or curtains.

Halogen lamps can become very hot and may be a fire 5/12/12

hazard.

 Replacing a fuse with one of a larger size

can cause excessive currents in the wiring and possibly start a fire.
Always use the correct size fuse. Be aware that unusually warm or hot

outlets may be a sign that unsafe wiring conditions exists.

Unplug any cords to these outlets and do

not use until a qualified electrician has checked the wiring. 5/12/12

 Always use ladders made of wood or

other non-conductive materials when working with or near electricity or power lines.
Always tape cords to walls or floors

when necessary.
Do not touch a person or electrical

apparatus in the event of an electrical accident. Always disconnect 5/12/12

THANK YOU

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