Digital Broadcast Technology Development

Presented by

John Yip Chief Engineer RTHK

2006.12.06

1. Introduction
Broadcast Development
DTT/ HDTV IPTV Mobile TV
(T-DMB, DVB-H, MediaFLO, One Seg)

TV on Cable and Satellite, MUSE analog HD

TV

DAB

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

1. Introduction
Quad-play Mix: TV/ IT/ Telecom/ Wireless Yesterday Today Tomorrow
SD-TV, Broadband Internet, 2.5G, WiFi

DTT/ HDTV, IPTV-SD, 3G, S/T-DMB, WiMax

DVB-H, CMMB, IPTV-HD on VDSL2, 4G-OWA ?

* Mature Digital TV and IP Technologies:

New Digital Age

Multi-platforms (horizontal) and multi-

qualities (vertical) for the viewers.

Challenge Maximize ROI (savings, revenue)/ business value.
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1. Introduction
Convergence
Converging technologies lead to a divergence of viewers choices.

Quality
Quality: traded-off against mobility,
transmission costs. Video bitrates, from 0.2 Mbps (for mobile phones) to over 100 Mbps for HDTV. Quality vs user cost, but technologies provide flexibility, improvements.

1. Introduction
Content is King + Customer is Queen
Compelling contents can drive people to buy new technologies, e.g. sports. Peoples habits/ life styles are then gradually changed by the new technologies.

General Trends
Ubiquitous: anywhere, anytime, desired form Mobility increases Threshold of acceptable quality dropping Networked environment eg office, home Time-shifted viewing/ listening eg PVR, ipod Interactive
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2. Technologies
Media Technologies

Radio,
DDD

Wireless Services,
MMM

TV,
TTT

2. Technologies - Radio
Radio : DAB, DRM, DMB
DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) A technology for multi-channel audio broadcasts. Based on European Eureka-147 standard, developed in mid 1990s. DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) An open-source platform for digital radio broadcasting in AM, SW or FM bands. Fits within existing AM channel bandwidth. DMB (or T-DMB, Digital Multimedia Broadcasting) A digital system for sending data, radio and TV to mobile devices such as mobile phones. Developed by S. Korea (TDMB, S-DMB). DAB-compatible.

2. Technologies - TV
TV - DTT
(Digital Terrestrial TV)

Using digital technology to provide - more channels (SDTV) and/ or - better picture (HDTV) and sound (surround) through a TV antenna eg on top of the roof, instead of using cable, satellite or internet.

2. Technologies - TV
TV - HDTV
(High Definition TV)
16 x 9 aspect ratio. Studio Standard: 1080/50i in 50Hz countries (HK/China). 720/50p is also used in Europe, Australia. Transmission standard: country-dependent. Picture information about 5 times that of conventional TV Needs critical camera focusing and attention to the wide aspect ratio. OB can use fewer cameras. Compatibility with 4x3 SDTV: some down-convert to 14x9 or 13x9.

2. Technologies - TV
Chart 1: World-wide, DTT/ HDTV Transmission

TV - DTT / HDTV
Technical
DMB-T/ H Satellite, mainly

Economies
China (Mainland) Europe

Progress
5 HDTV program channels in service. Analog off : later than 2015. 24 HD channels in service eg Euro1080 HDTV. Germany: Pay-HD. See also UK. >17M DTV sets sold. Most TVs have ATSC tuners. >1,525 stations, 211 cities. Analogoff planned : Feb. 17, 2009. >1.2M sets. >21 HD channels. DTT sets >3M sets, about 2/3 are HD ready.

USA

ATSC

Canada S. Korea

ATSC ATSC

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2. Technologies - TV
TV - DTT / HDTV
Chart 1: World-wide, DTT/ HDTV Transmission (Cont.)

Economi es
UK

Technical
DVB-T, 8 MHz

Progress
>10 M DTT Rxs, >1.4M sets are HD-ready. BBC to introduce HD in 2007. Jan. 2001, DTT commenced. >2 M DTT units. Free-to-air HD broadcasts. Analog off by 2012. DTT >12 M sets, about 7M are HD ready. HD started in 12/2003. Analog off by July 24, 2011.

Australia

DVB-T, 7 MHz

Japan

ISDB-T

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2. Technologies - TV
TV - IPTV
(Internet Protocol TV)
Use of Internet Protocol (IP) for home TV transmission, can be over phone lines, via optical fibre trunks.

Flexibility of including interactive services and HDTV. Offers many TV channels, viewer-targeting.
For HDTV, application of MPEG4 AVC (H.264)/ VC-1 (WMV) coding, VDSL2/ ADSL2+ technologies or Fibre to the Home/ Building (FTTH/ FTTB).

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2. Technologies - Mobile TV
Mobile TV
Broadcast to hand-sets (mobile phones, PDAs), notebook PCs, etc. Interactive and audio services. T-DMB (Terrestrial-DMB) Evolved from DAB. Allows video, audio and data to be transmitted to mobile devices. More efficient audio coding. Backward compatible with DAB audio (MUSICAM). DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting Handheld) Tailored for transmitting multiple TV channels to mobile devices. Time-slicing technology conserves battery power of mobile devices.
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3. HDTV and Economics

* Chicken vs egg; (govt. + industry) vs consumers; content creation vs consumption; market size vs consumers costs. * Economics: predictive of a rapid roll-out of costly digital HDTV. AI (Affordability Index) = Normalized (GDP * GDP-per-capita) (using PPP) GDP --> size of economy --> strength for driving technology/ content creation. GDP-per-capita --> consumers ability buy new devices/ contents.
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3. HDTV and Economics

Ranking of Major Economies, by AI
AI Rank (2005) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AI*
100.0 66.2 22.7 9.8 6.8 4.0 3.9

Economies
United States (ATSC) European Union (DVB-T) Japan (ISDB-T) China, mainland (DMB-T/ H) Canada Australia Korea, South

GDP Rank
1 2 4 3 12 17 15

*Normalized to 5.17E+17 (2005 est. data), i.e. 100. (E means 10 to the power of). GDP: PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) based. Data source: The World Fact Book. Note: Shaded ones are in the Asia-Pacific region.
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3. HDTV and Economics

AI (est. 2004 & 2005 Data)
AI Rank (2004) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2004 Data Economies United States European Union Japan Germany United Kingdom France Italy China, mainland Canada Spain Australia Korea, South Regions N. America EU A-Pacific EU EU EU EU A-Pacific N. America EU A-Pacific A-Pacific AI* 100.0 66.5 23.4 14.4 11.2 10.6 9.5 8.6 6.8 4.6 4.0 3.8 GDP Rank 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 3 12 14 17 15 2005 Data AI* 100.0 66.2 22.7 14.0 11.2 10.5 9.0 9.8 6.8 4.9 4.0 3.9 GDP Rank 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 3 12 14 17 15 Change in AI (%) 0.0 -0.5 -3 -2.8 0 -0.9 -5.2

14
0 6.5 0 2.6

* Normalized to 4.71E+17 (2004) or 5.17E+17 (2005) respectively. 16

3. HDTV and Economics

Observations from AI (affordability index) data:
USA, Europe, Japan established DTT/ HDTV standards (ATSC, DVB-T, ISDB-T). China (mainland) has recently established a standard in Aug., 2006. AI of 9.8 seems to be the minimum threshold. In Europe, the ranking order is Germany, UK, France, followed by Italy/ Spain. For Europe, a wide-coverage technology such as satellites is beneficial (in fact, satellites are prevalent). HDTV activity is most intense in economies with an AI index >= 3.8 (2004 data) or 3.9 (2005 data), approx. AI ranking for the top economies has not changed a lot over 2004-2005. (For Hong Kong, AI = 1.7 (2004) and 1.8 (2005); synergy with mainland China is an important factor.)
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3. HDTV and Economics

Expanded List showing Rollouts
AI Rank AI* Economies GDP Rank GDP/ capita Rank 2 32 21 24 7 HDTV sets (est. M) 17 Pop. (est. M) TVH (est. M) HDTV sets / capita (est. %) 5.7 5.5 HDTV sets / TVH (est. %) 15.4 14.7

1 2 3 4

100 66.5 23.4 14.4

United States European Union Japan Germany

1 2 4 6

296 457 127 82

110 47.5 34.2

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

11.2
10.6 9.5 8.6 6.8 4.6 4.0 3.8

United Kingdom
France Italy China, mainland Canada Spain Australia Korea, South

7
8 9 3 12 14 17 15

19
23 30 121 15 39 17 52

1.4

60
61 58 1,306

24.3
23 21 330 12 13.1 7.3 13.8

2.3

5.8

1.2 1 3

33 40 20 49

3.6 5 6.1

10.0 13.7 21.7

Note: Shaded: figures not available; figures for EU are hard to find. (5 columns on the left: est. 2004 data.) Sets actually viewed in HDTV < HDTV sets ie HD-capable sets (probably less than 1/3).

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3. HDTV and Economics

Factors: Accelerating HDTV
Other factors impact on HDTV rollout: regulatory, pricing, marketing, etc. Propelling Factor (HDF) = M (r,p,m,o)*(GDP*GDP-per-capita)

where GDP is based on the PPP method, and (GDP*GDP-per-capita) = Affordability factor, M is a function of regulatory/ pricing/ marketing/ other factors For 0=<M<1 : retarding; For M>1 : accelerating
As (HDTV sets-per-capita, %) increases with HDF, hence M is proportional to (HDTV sets-per-capita, %) divided by AI.

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3. HDTV and Economics

Factors: Accelerating HDTV (cont.)

Propelling Factor (HDF) = M (r,p,m,o)*(GDP*GDP-per-capita)

On breaking down function M : HDF = (Ar * Ap * Am * Ao) * (GDP*GDP-per-capita) Strategic factors to foster HD development: Ar, Ap, Am, Ao

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3. HDTV and Economics

Factors: Accelerating HDTV (cont.)

Ar regulatory, mandating early rollout/ early cessation of analog TV, built-in digital tuners in TV sets, HD on-air quota, spectrum allotments, licensing regime, standardization; Ap subsidies by governments/ operators, assisting viewers eg on HDTV STB; Am Promotional/ marketing campaigns, to promote viewers awareness; Ao leapfrog into HD (eg Canada and S. Korea, using ATSC, have achieved fast rollouts), adopting HDV/ low-cost EFP production, D-cinemas/ communal/ public viewing.
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4. CD DC Model
Supply Consumption

Contents (HD)

Delivery
eg. Terrestrial, IPTV, etc.

Display

Contents

(IPTV is just one more method for delivering HDTV but it is not affected by spectrum scarcity. IT technologies are used in the delivery process to connect the contents to the services.)
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5. IP TV and Economics
IPTV (HD, SD) and Economics
IPTV-HD is subject to the economics of HDTV. However, for IPTV-SD content production is less expensive than that of HDTV. Consumer spending power is an important issue. ROI for the operators is critical. The upgrading and roll-out of a highbandwidth and scalable network is a major investment. Population density is an influencing factor. Is Hong Kong no. 1 ?

Propelling Factor (IPTF) = Mi (r,p,m,o) * (GDP-per-sq. km)

Equation applies to targeted cities, for IPTV-SD.

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6. Mobile TV and Economics

Mobile TV and Economics
Content production is far less expensive than that of HDTV. Affordability is an issue : hardware and content costs, plus high functional obsolescence (short replacement cycles). Terrain is an issue (HK being one example.)

Propelling Factor (MTF) = Mm (r,p,m,o) * T * (GDP-per-capita) where T = Terrain factor, 0 < T =< 1. Terrain factor is technology (VHF, UHF, satellite) and frequencyband dependent, for targeted Cities.
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7. Influencing Factors
Hard Factors Soft Factors Marketing H H H H GDP GDP/ capita Pop. Den. Terrain Regulatory Pricing HDTV IPTV (HD), pay IPTV (SD), pay Mobile TV, pay H H L L H H M H L H M L L L L H H L L H H H M H

New Technologies : Macro-economic, Micro-economic and Other Factors

IPTV: no spectrum issues. Other factors may also apply, such as consumer behaviour.
(H/ M/ L = high/ medium/ low impact)
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8. Status of Digital Broadcast Technologies

Technologies
DAB HDTV IPTV-SD Mobile TV

Sets (in M), world-wide

>5 > 30 >5 > 2.5

Main Areas
United Kingdom USA, Japan Hong Kong, France S. Korea (T-DMB)

Internet Users
Broadband Users

> 1,100
> 200

USA, China, Japan

USA, Japan, S. Korea

Sources : wilkipedia, internetworldstat.com, etc.

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9. Convergence, HK
- On digital broadcast technologies; not FMC. - HK: >67% broadband penetration, >131% mobile subscriber penetration, and >2M 2.5G/3G mobile users. Leading with >0.7M IPTV subscribers and high mobile penetration. Lots of potential. - Synergy with mainland China on DTT/ HDTV development: HK has one of the highest GDP/ capita and mainland China is near the top in GDP. HK can help accelerate HDTV roll-outs. - Chinese CMMB mobile standard uses STiMi for S-CMMB and T-CMMB (terrestrial gap fillers), 30-3000MHz. HK, with high rise buildings and rough terrain, is very challenging for mobile TV using wide-area transmission ie T-CMMB or DVB-H (unlike cellular 3G). FTA may be less problematic.
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10. Summary
- TTT (Triple TV Technologies) and digital sound broadcasting developments are perplexing but interesting. - Techno-economic equations and an AI index have been introduced to enhance the understanding of world-wide developments. - Technological development and economics are closely related. Other factors such as regulatory, pricing, marketing and even terrain exert influences on growth. - Technological diffusion in broadcasting depends a lot on content and consumer behaviour; operators have to evaluate techno-economic and market factors in order to succeed.
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HDTV Development paper published (searchable on Google, Yahoo HK ), IPTV Development available in late Dec. 2006.

~The End~
Thank You!
yipjcs@rthk.org.hk
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