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Non-crystalline ceramics Composed of various types of metallic oxides (mainly) Used for household containers, window, lenses, fibre glass, etc.
Glasses
When amorphous glass is changed to crystalline one by The heat treatment is completed by formation small glassceramic grains through nucleation and growth process. controlled high temperature heat treatment.
Glass-Ceramics
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Main ingredient is natural clay. It is mixed with water and other After shaping, the product is dried, fired, glazed and so on. Main product groups are structural products (bricks, tiles,
sewer pipes) and whitewares (uses ???).
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Very high purity oxide with very little porosity. Main groups are alumina (tube furnace), magnesia (tube
furnace and other engineering products), beryllia, zirconia, silicon carbide (heating elements in furnaces), carbon and graphites (crucible for furnace), etc.
Special Refractories
Cements: Several commercial products as cement, plaster of Special behaviours: When mixed with water they form paste, Might be mixed with other component as bricks, sand, stone, Very common cement is the portland cement, which is a
mixture of clay and lime bearing component (lime stone). The mixture is calcined and then ground.
etc. as per requirements. subsequently set and harden to form a rigid load bearing component. Here no firing is needed. paris, lime, etc.
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Advanced Ceramics
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Optical Fibre
Made of high purity silica, free from minute levels of contaminants. Fully defect free that can absorb, scatter or attenuate light beam. Needs very advanced and high quality processing technique.
Optical Fibre in Communication
In metallic wire signal transfer is electronic, whereas in OF it is For simultaneous 24,000 telephone calls if we need 33 tons of
copper, then optical fibre it is possible from 0.1kg of OF materials. Diameter of OF is 5 to 100 micrometer.
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Recently, Si3N4 has replaced many metallic components. Silicon nitride is inferior interms of tensile strength, so in many Silicon nitride is lighter (density 3.3) compared to steel (7.84).
So, hybride ball-bearing is lighter. cases ceramic balls and steel races are used in combination. This combination is known as hybrid bearing.
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Polymeric Materials
It is one type of hydrocarbon. Two gross categories: Natural and Natural: Wood, rubber, wool, cotton, leather, silk, etc. Synthetic: Synthetically produced, wide varieties, superior to
natural one.
Ethylene Acetylene
synthetic.
Saturated Polymer: Where double or triple covalent bond exists. Saturated: When elements have single bond. For further entry of
atom, one bonded atom must be replaced, as methane, ethane.
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Isomerism
Same composition with different atomic arrangement, butane.
Besides end to end chains, side chains are also formed due to
Side chain formation reduces the density. Example: LDPE.
change in synthesis parameters.
Branched Polymers
Adjacent linear chains are joined by covalent bonds at various This is done by adding foreign atoms or molecules. Example:
Most of rubber is crosslinked in this way called vulcanization.
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Crosslinked Polymers
locations.
Heavily crosslinked polymer is called network polymer. High temperature and good mechanical properties. Epoxy,
phenol-formaldehyde, etc.
Network Polymers
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Thermoplastic Polymers
harden on cooling.
Becomes permanently hard during processing and do not 10-50% bonds are branched. Stronger than thermoplastic
polymers, better thermal and dimensional stability.
Thermosetting Polymers
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Copolymers
synthesized together.
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Elastomers
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Composite Materials
Composite is a multi-phase material, where each constituent Examples: 1. Pearlite composed of very hard and brittle In the present state composite is artificially made.
cementite and very soft and ductile ferrite. TS of cementite is 5000psi and for ferrite it is 40000psi. TS of peralite is 120,000psi, where a synergism is operative which difficult to explain.
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Classification of Composites
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For better property combination critical Critical length depends on diameter, tensile
and shear strength of the fiber.
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concentration.
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