Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
algia (pain)
ankyl(o)-, ancyl(o)- Denoting something bent curved ante- positioned in front of, before, Post- after anti- 'against' or 'opposed to arthr(o)- Of or pertaining to the joints, limbs
Myalgia
Ankylosis ante partum Post partum Antibody, antipsychotic Arthritis
asthenia weakness
brady- slow bronch(i)- bronchus carcin(o)- cancer crab cele pouching, hernia cephal(o)- Of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) cervic- Of or pertaining to the neck chol(e)- Of or pertaining to bile
Myasthenia gravis
Bradycardia Lungs Carcinoma Hydrocele, Varicocele Cephalalgy Cervicodorsal Cholaemia
Craniology
Dissection Dysphagia, dysphasia Ectopic pregnancy
Mastectomy
Hematemesis Anemia Endocrinology, Gastroenterology epicardium, episclera, Episiotomy stomach, belly
HUMAN BODY
Human body made up of nearly one trillion cells Body divided into three parts, namely1) Head & Neck 2) Trunk 3) Extremities
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvic
Draw one vertical line from mid of the Clavicle through top of the Iliac crest on right and left side Draw one horizontal line touching two 10th rib and another horizontal line touching top of two Iliac crest This will divide Abdomen into nine parts
Right Hypochondriac Digestive: Liver, Gall Bladder Small Intestine, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon Endocrine: Right Kidney. Excretory: Right Kidney Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive:NONE Right Lumbar Digestive: Liver (tip),Gall Bladder Small Intestine, Ascending Colon Endocrine: Right Kidney Excretory: Right Kidney. Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive: None
Epigastric Digestive: Stomach, Liver (tip), Pancreas (tail of), Small Intestine, Transverse Colon, Descending Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Left Kidney Excretory: Left Kidney. Lymphatic: Spleen Reproductive: NONE Umbilical Digestive: Stomach, Pancreas Small Intestine, Transverse Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Right & Left Kidneys Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys, Right & Left Ureters. Lymphatic: Cisterna chili Reproductive: NONE Hypogastric Digestive: Small Intestine, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum Endocrine: Right & Left Ovaries (Fem.). Excretory: Right & Left Ureters, Urinary Bladder. Lymphatic: NONE Reproductive: Female Uterus * Right & Left Ovaries Right & Left Fallopian Tubes Male -Vas Deferens,
LeftHypochondriac Digestive: Stomach, Pancreas Small Intestine, Transverse Colon. Endocrine: Pancreas, Right & Left Kidneys. Excretory: Right & Left Kidneys, Right & Left Ureters. Reproductive: NONE Left Lumbar Digestive: Small Intestine, Descending Colon. Endocrine: Left Kidney (tip. ) Excretory: Left Kidney (tip). Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: NONE
Right Iliac Digestive: Small Intestine, Appendix Cecum & Ascending Colon Endocrine: Right Ovary(Females) Excretory: NONE Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: Female Right Ovary, Right Fallopian Tube Male - NONE
Left Iliac Digestive: Small Intestine, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon Endocrine: Left Ovary (Females). Excretory: NONE. Lymphatic: NONE. Reproductive: Female - Left Ovary, Left Fallopian Tube, Male NONE
DISEASE
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
Sexual dysfunction can be a result of a physical or psychological problem. Physical causes: Many physical and/or medical conditions can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease, neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of certain medications, including some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual desire and function. Psychological causes: These include work-related stress and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.
How do Sexual Problems Affect Men? The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire. What Are Ejaculation Disorders? There are different types of ejaculation disorders, including: Premature ejaculation -- This refers to ejaculation that occurs before or soon after penetration. Inhibited or retarded ejaculation -- This is when ejaculation is slow to occur. Retrograde ejaculation -- This occurs when, at orgasm, the ejaculate is forced back into the bladder rather than through the urethra and out the end of the penis.
40% of men experience some degree of ED at age 40 compared with 70% of men at age 70. And the percentage of complete ED increases from 5% to 15% as age increases from 40 to 70 years. But this does not mean growing older is the end of your sex life. ED can be treated at any age. Inhibited Sexual Desire Inhibited sexual desire simply means decrease in interest for sexual activity. It is also called loss of libido. It results from psychological factors like anxiety or depression, and physical factors such as diabetes, medical illnesses, high blood pressure, side-effect of medications and even relationship problems.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ERECTION
Mechanical
Stimulation
Release acetylcholine Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells in arteries Vasodilatation
Blood enters in arteries and they in turn filling the corpora spongiosum and cavernosa with blood
ERECTION OF PENIS
Premature ejaculation
Ejaculation
COMPONENTS Emission Ejaculation Orgasm TYPES Rapid/premature Delayed/retarded Retrograde
PE
Biological
Genes
Young age
Cultural
ISSM definition of PE
Ejaculation which always or nearly always occurs prior to or within about 1 minute of vaginal penetration Inability to delay ejaculation on all or nearly all vaginal penetrations Negative personal consequences, such as distress, bother, frustration &/or the avoidance of sexual intimacy
Definition PE
Lack of control of ejaculation Dissatisfaction of sexual experience Distress to man and his partner Latency times (IELT)
Often associated with a secondary performance anxiety Erectile dysfunction is often secondary to long term PE 5-HT receptor sites in medial pre-optic area
Orgasm
A sensory experience via pudendal nerve associated with all these events
Arousal
Pudendal nerves Spinothalamic tract Thalamus/limbic system Hypothalamus: MPOA, D1 & D2 Reticulospinal tracts Sympathetic T10-L1
Parasympathetic S2,3,4
Ejaculation
Faster ejaculation
Intra-vaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) PE level of distress depends if mild or severe IELT median time 5.4 minutes (range 1-45 min) IELT < 1 minute definite PE IELT 1-1.5 minutes probable PE
Treatment PE
Treatment aim: restore IELT, address relationship issues, restore confidence Sensate focus: tailor to clients, work on intimacy Sexual script change: extend foreplay, modify rigid sex patterns, partner first
Stop/Start Technique
Delayed Ejaculation
Often a normal part of ageing Younger men - angry, withholding
conditioned inhibition
Relationship issues conception Consider idiosyncratic masturbatory style (traumatic masturbatory syndrome) TREAT (enhance arousal) Pre & post masturbation/vibration Scrotal/perineal tickling Incorporate into normal practice
Retrograde Ejaculation
Common after benign prostate or bladder neck surgery Some disease conditions diabetes, neurological
37
Menstruation
Leucorrhoea
In physiological Leucorrhoea, the discharge is normal due to excitement or other factors like nervousness. Such a discharge need not be worried about. It is found under following conditions:Seen in newborn baby for a week due to maternal estrogens. Seen in girls during puberty due to hormonal changes. At the time of ovulation and in early pregnancy.
In pathological Leucorrhoea the causes are:General ill health and under nutrition. Dysfunctional state in genital tract. Psychological factors. Symptoms The patient feels weak and tired. She also suffers from pain in the lumbar region and the calves and a dragging sensation in the abdomen. Other symptoms are constipation, frequent headaches and intense itching. In the chronic form, the patient feels irritable and develops black patches under the eyes
CAUSES
1. Whenever the body is loaded with toxins due to wrong dietary habits and the eliminative organs such as skin, bowels, lungs, and kidneys are unable to eliminate the toxins, the body produces a profuse discharge or elimination through the mucous membrane of the uterus and vagina in the form of leucorrhoea. In the case of advanced, chronic inflammatory conditions of these organs, it leads to discharge with pus, offensive in odor and color varying from cream to yellow or light green. 2. In young girls, leucorrhoea may occur during the few years before and after the start of the menstrual flow. It may be due to an irritation of the genital organs caused by various factors such as dirt, soiled under garments, intestinal worms and excessive mental stimulation of sex or masturbation.
3. Some excess secretion is normal when the girl reaches puberty, due to over activity in her sex glands and organs. This usually disappears within a short time. In young women, leucorrhoea may occur during inter menstrual periods, due to thickening of the mucous membrane in the reproductive organs. Such a discharge is associated with painful menstruation and other menstrual disorders. 4. In mature women, a profuse yellowish discharge, associated with burning on urination, may be caused by gonorrhea. 5. Leucorrhoea may also result from a chill. A chill causes inflammation of the womb and vaginal membranes. Other common causes are the displacement of the womb and unhygienic conditions which attract bacteria to the genital organs.
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES Common types of menstrual irregularities include: Amenorrhea (when a teenager does not get her period by age 16, or when a woman stops getting her period for at least three months and is not pregnant) Dysmenorrhea- (painful menstrual periods) Menorrhagia (heavy menstrual periods) Oligomenorrhea (menstrual bleeding occurring more than 35 days after the last menstrual period, that is, less than 10 periods a year) Polymenorrhea (menstrual bleeding occurring less than 21 days after the last menstrual period, that is, more than 12 periods a year) Spotting (light irregular vaginal bleeding or vaginal bleeding between periods)
DIABETES
DIABETES
Type 1 diabetes (T1D): The body stops producing insulin or produces too little insulin to regulate blood glucose level. Type 1 diabetes is typically diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. It used to be referred to as juvenile-onset diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Type 1 diabetes can occur in an older individual due to destruction of the pancreas by alcohol, disease, or removal by surgery. It also results from progressive failure of the pancreatic beta cells, the only cell type that produces significant amounts of insulin. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin treatment daily to sustain life.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D): Although the pancreas still secretes insulin, the body of someone with type 2 diabetes is partially or completely unable to use this insulin. This is sometimes referred to as insulin resistance. The pancreas tries to overcome this resistance by secreting more and more insulin. People with insulin resistance develop type 2 diabetes when they fail to secrete enough insulin to cope with their higher demands. At least 90% of adult individuals with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is typically diagnosed in adulthood, usually after age 45 years. It used to be called adult-onset diabetes mellitus, or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These names are no longer used because type 2 diabetes does occur in younger people, and some people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes is usually controlled with diet, weight loss, exercise, and oral medications. However, more than half of all people with type 2 diabetes require insulin to control their blood sugar levels at some point in the course of their illness.
Diabetic retinopathy Kidney failure (diabetic nephropathy) -wounds, foot and leg amputations diabetic neuropathy) is a leading cause of foot and ulcers Damage to the nerves in the autonomic nervous system can lead to paralysis of the stomach (gastroparesis), chronic diarrhea, and an inability to control heart rate and blood pressure during postural changes. Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis , heart attack, stroke, and decreased circulation in the arms and legs Elevated blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Many infections are associated with diabetes, and infections are frequently more dangerous in someone with diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome