Prepared By :

Mustafa ERARSLAN Serkan Ahmet AM Osman KAYA Ferhat AYDIN Ahmet KOYUNCU Kadir YZER

Sound is a sequence of waves of pressure that propagates through compressible media such as air,water or solids. During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.

The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound are able to travel through all forms of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

Frequency, or its inverse, the period Wavelength Wavenumber Amplitude Sound pressure Sound intensity Speed of sound Direction Polarization (Transverse Waves)

Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is thus not separated from "normal" (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. The production of ultrasound is used in many different fields, typically to penetrate a medium and measure the reflection signature or supply focused energy. The reflection signature can reveal details about the inner structure of the medium, a property also used by animals such as bats for hunting. The most well known application of ultrasound is its use in sonography to produce pictures of fetuses in the human womb. There are a vast number of other applications as well.

Infrasound is sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing. Hearing becomes gradually less sensitive as frequency decreases, so for humans to perceive infrasound, the sound pressure must be sufficiently high. The ear is the primary organ for sensing infrasound, but at higher levels it is possible to feel infrasound vibrations in various parts of the body. The study of such sound waves is sometimes referred to as infrasonics, covering sounds beneath 20 Hz down to 0.001 Hz. This frequency range is utilized for monitoring earthquakes, charting rock and petroleum formations below the earth, and also in ballistocardiography and seismocardiography to study the mechanics of the heart. Infrasound is characterized by an ability to cover long distances and get around obstacles with little dissipation.

Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics can be seen in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries. Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. So it is no surprise that the science of acoustics spreads across so many facets of our societymusic, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge.

Mach number (Ma or M) is the speed of an object moving through air, or any other fluid substance, divided by the speed of sound as it is in that substance for its particular physical conditions, including those of temperature and pressure. It is commonly used to represent the speed of an object when it is traveling close to or above the speed of sound. = M = Mach Number V = Relative velocity of the source to the medium a = Speed of sound in the medium

For Subsonic ;

where: M = is Mach number qc = is impact pressure (diffrence between total pressure and static pressure) p = is static pressure = is the ratio of specific heat of a gas at a constant pressure to heat at a constant volume (1.4 for air).
Regime Subsonic Transonic Sonic Mach <1.0 0.81.2 1.0 Supersonic Hypersonic 1.25.0 5.010.0 Highhypersonic >10.0

For Supersonic ;

For air Simplified Formula is ;

Spectrum of sound
Frequency range Hz Description Example

0 - 20 20 - 20.000 > 20.000

Infrasound Audible sound Ultrasound

Earth quake Speech, music

gas

Atomic structures liquid

solid

low density weak bonding forces

medium density medium bonding forces

high density strong bonding forces crystallographic structure

Wave propagation
Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of materials. Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies. Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves travel at lower speeds. Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of the material.
Air Water Steel, long Steel, trans 330 m/s

1480 m/s
5920 m/s 3250 m/s

Reflection and Transmission

As soon as a sound wave comes to a change in material characteristics ,e.g. the surface of a workpiece, or an internal inclusion, wave propagation will change too:

Behaviour at an interface
Medium 1 Medium 2

Incoming wave

Transmitted wave

Reflected wave
Interface

Reflection + Transmission: Perspex - Steel

1,87

Perspex
Incoming wave 1,0 0,87 Transmitted wave

Steel
Reflected wave

Incoming wave 1,0 0,13

Transmitted wave

-0,87 Reflected wave

Perspex

Steel

Amplitude of sound transmissions:

Water - Steel Strong reflection Double transmission Copper - Steel No reflection Single transmission Air - Steel Strong reflection with inverted phase No transmission

Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectrical Crystal (Quartz)

Battery

The crystal gets thicker, due to a distortion of the crystal lattice

+
The effect inverses with polarity change

Sound wave with frequency f

U(f)

An alternating voltage generates crystal oscillations at the frequency f

Reception of ultrasonic waves

A sound wave hitting a piezoelectric crystal, induces crystal vibration which then causes electrical voltages at the crystal surfaces. Electrical energy
Piezoelectrical crystal

Ultrasonic wave

amplifier

IP

screen
BE

horizontal sweep clock

pulser

probe

work piece

Sound reflection at a flaw

s

Probe

Sound travel path

Flaw

Work piece

Plate testing

IP BE

plate

delamination

10

IP = Initial pulse F = Flaw BE = Backwall echo

Wall thickness measurement

s
s

Corrosion

10

Through transmission testing

Through transmission signal

R
0 2 4 6 8 10

Flaw

Immersion testing
1
surface = sound entry backwall IP

2
water delay

flaw

IE

1
BE

IP

IE

2
BE
F

10

10

Weld inspection
a = s sin
= probe angle s = sound path a = surface distance a = reduced surface distance d= virtual depth d = actual depth T= material thickness

F
s
0 20 40 60 80 100

a' = a - x d' = s cos d = 2T - t'

Work piece with welding

a a' s
Lack of fusion

Straight beam inspection techniques:

Direct contact, single element probe Direct contact, dual element probe Fixed delay

Through transmission

Immersion testing

 Sonar stands for sound navigation and ranging. Sonar uses a beam of sound waves and directs them downward. After the sound wave hits the bottom of the ocean (ocean floor), or an object, it will bounce off and return back causing an echo. This is then recorded on a depth recorder on the ship. Some marine organisms use Echolocation, which is a form of sonar (dolphins, whales, porpoises).

Active
Deploys and receives its own signal Two categories echo ranging, and communication Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee ( ASDICS)

Passive
Listening device Detects underwater sounds Belongs to the Direct Listening category

Active
Transducer (Emitter/Receiver) Indicator Recorder Computer System

Passive
Transducer (Only Receiver) Indicator Recorder Computer System

Diagnostic sonography (ultrasonography) is an ultrasoundbased diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology or lesions. Obstetric sonography is commonly used during pregnancy and is widely recognized by the public. In physics, the term "ultrasound" applies to all sound waves with a frequency above the audible range of human hearing, about 20,000 Hz. The frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound are typically between 2 and 18 MHz.