Physics 213 Fluids & Thermal Physics Lecturer: John Huckans Office hours: Wednesdays 12-2pm, 150A Davey

Web Page:

class.phys.psu.edu/p213su

Teaching assistance
Rec TA - David Simpson, dbs200@psu.edu Rec TA - Casey Tomlin, ctt121@psu.edu Lab TA - Christian Cruz-Santiago, czc146@psu.edu Lab TA - Shan Gao, sxg324@psu.edu Course administrator: John Hopkins
jxh22@psu.edu 123 Osmond Lab

Physics 213
Calculus-based study of the basic concepts of fluids and sound, heat, kinetic theory, and entropy. Prerequisite: MATH 140 , PHYS 211 Concurrent: MATH 141 Textbook: Fundamentals of Physics, Halliday Resnick and Walker, 8th Edition, Vol. 1 Attendant lab manual and WebAssign card

Course information
Lecture notes available on-line by 8 a.m. day of the lecture Must be on time for laboratories if more than 10 minutes late, no credit for lab Recitations are an opportunity to clarify concepts and ask homework questions Homeworks due Thursdays by 5pm no exceptions

Physics 213 four week schedule

Intro lecture Recitation Lecture 1 Lab 1 (drop/add) Lab 2 Recitation Lecture 2 Midterm June 26 No class July 3 Final July 10

Lecture 3

Recitation
Midterm prep

Recitation

Lecture 4

Lab 3

Lecture 5

Recitation

Lecture 6

Lab 4

Recitation
Final prep

Chapter 12 Section 12-7 Elasticity

Elasticity
Up to now (in Phys 211) we have assumed that rigid bodies cannot be deformed.

In practice, given a strong enough force everything can be deformed.

Stress and Strain

Stress: external force per unit area acting on the object, F/A
Dimension: Force/Area, e.g. N/m2

Strain: fractional change in size of the object, L /L or A/A or V/V

Dimensionless

Stress
Cause

Strain
Consequence

Elastic, Deformation, Rupture

For small stress, rigid bodies are elastic: strain stress stress = modulus of elasticity strain When stress is larger than the yield strength Sy, rigid bodies are permanently deformed. When stress is larger than the ultimate strength Su, rigid bodies rupture.

Tensile and Compressive Stresses

Strain and stress in the same direction.

F Stress : S = A

F A, force normal to area

Tensile: stretch Compressive: squeeze.

F L =E A L
Strain Stress
stress = modulus of elasticity strain

E: Youngs Modulus Same dimension as stress

Shearing Stress
Strain and stress also in the same direction.

F Stress : S = A

F | | A, force parallel to area

F x =G A L
Strain Stress G: Shear Modulus Same dimension as stress

stress = modulus of elasticity strain

Hydraulic Stress
Stress is the pressure by a fluid, p.

V p=B V
Strain Stress, pressure B: bulk Modulus Same dimension as stress

strain = modulus of elasticity stress

HRW 12-64 (7th ed.) A mine elevator is supported by a single steel cable 2.5 cm in diameter. The total mass of the elevator cage plus occupants is 670 kg. By how much does the cable stretch when the elevator is (a) at the surface, 12 m below the elevator motor, and (b) at the bottom of the shaft which is 350 m deep? (Neglect the mass of the cable.)

1 F MgL L = L= E A EA
(a) For L1 = 12 m

F L =E A L

MgL1 (670 kg) (9.8 m/s 2 )(12 m) L1 = = = 0.8 mm 9 2 2 2 EA (200 10 N/m ) (1.25 10 m)
(b) For L2 = 350 m + 12 m

L2 (350 m + 12 m) L2 = L1 = (0.8 mm) = 2.4 cm L1 12 m

HRW 12-39 (7th ed.), 13.39P (6th ed.) In the figure, a 103 kg uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of radius 1.20 mm. Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long and 2.00 mm shorter than wire B. The log is now horizontal. What forces are exerted on it by (a) wire A, and (b) wire B? (c) What is the ratio of dA/dB? (a) Since the log is not moving: FA + FB mg = 0 Since the log is horizontal: LA + LA = LB + LB = LA + l + LB,
wire A dA dB
cm

wire B

LA = LB + l,
where l = 2 mm is the original difference in lengths between A and B. This gives: F L F L
A A

EA

EA

+l

F L =E A L

HRW 12-39 (7th ed.), 13.39P (6th ed.) In the figure, a 103 kg uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of radius 1.20 mm. Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long and 2.00 mm shorter than wire B. The log is now horizontal. What forces are exerted on it by (a) wire A, and (b) wire B? (c) What is the ratio of dA/dB? Solve
FB LB FA LA EA = EA + l F + F mg = 0 B A

wire A

dA

dB
cm

wire B

We get
mgLB + EAl mgLB + E r 2l FA = = LA + LB LA + LB

(103 kg)(9.8m/s2 )(2.5 m) + (200 109 N/m2 ) (1.20 10-3 m)2 (2.0 10-3 m) = 2.50 + 2.502 = 866 N

HRW 12-39 (7th ed.), 13.39P (6th ed.) In the figure, a 103 kg uniform log hangs by two steel wires, A and B, both of radius 1.20 mm. Initially, wire A was 2.50 m long and 2.00 mm shorter than wire B. The log is now horizontal. What forces are exerted on it by (a) wire A, and (b) wire B? (c) What is the ratio of dA/dB? (b)
wire A dA dB
cm

wire B

FB = mg FA = 103 9.8 866 = 143 N

(c) Since the log is not rotating, the net torque must be zero. Choose the center of mass to calculate torque:

FA d A FB d B = 0 d A / d B = FB / FA = (143 N) /(866 N) = 0.165