Chapters 2 & 3

Computer Networking Review The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

1

Brief Bio
IBM

( 10 years): Programmer/manager AIX base operating system, manager of LAN (PCLP, PCNP) and PC/3270 software development Dell Computer Corporation ( 4 years): manager software (firmware) development, V P of PC Products group VTEL ( 4 years): senior VP development and general manager eOn Communications ( 3 years): President & CEO Bynari Inc ( 1 year): Chairman & CEO UTA Faculty since Summer 2001
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 2

Presentations

Individual presentations will be given by each student Each person select a single topic of your choice and send a brief abstract to odell@uta.edu via email for approval before Friday, 6/8/2007. Topic must be directly relevant to our studies in this class. See class schedule/topics or following list for ideas. Research the specified topic Use RFCs where appropriate Use at least two other papers for amplifying information. Prepare and deliver a 20 minute (MAXIMUM) PowerPoint presentation Allow about 3-5 minutes for Q & A See class schedule on website for due dates Send your presentation to me at odell@cse.uta.edu on the day before your scheduled presentation. Presentation graded by peers (2-3) and the instructor Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Presentation Topics Suggestions Spring 2007

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ECN rfc 3168, 2884 ABC rfc 3465 Limited Slow Start rfc 3742 TFRC rfc 3448 SACK rfcs 2018, 2883, 3517 ATM/IP rfc 2225, 2226 ATM RSVP rfcs 2379, 2380

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

IntServ rfcs 2998, 2211 DiffServ rfcs 3754, 3662, 3290 MPLS rfcs 3564, 3353, 3443 SIP rfc 3261 + RTP rfc 3267 H.323 for multimedia VoIP 3714 WiMax/IEEE 802.16

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Chapter 2
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Introduction
Networking standards Layered protocol

architecture TCP/IP protocol suite OSI reference model Internetworking

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Standards/Standards Bodies
Why

Disadvantages

market driver cost driver interoperability between vendors/ dissimilar architectures

do we have standards?

Types

tend to freeze technology redundancy, overkill

of standards?

Voluntary (driven by de facto use, ubiquity) Regulatory Regulatory use of voluntary standards
7

of standards

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Standards/Standards Bodies
The

Internet Architecture Board (IAB) defines overall architecture of the Internet provides broad guidance for IETF Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) provides technical management of IETF and the Internet standards process Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designs and develops Internet protocols charters standards working groups publishes RFCs, with approval of IESG Eight areas defined: General, Applications, Internet, Operations & Management, Routing, Security, Transport, User Services

Internet Society

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Internet RFC Process

Internet Draft Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard Historic Best Current Practice Experimental Informational

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Standards/Standards Bodies
International

(ITU) United Nations agency Members are governments ITU-T (replaced CCITT) drives telecommunications standardization process
organized

Telecommunications Union

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

as 14 study groups 4-year cycle/study period for standards (but changing)

10

Standards/Standards Bodies
Institute

of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE) LAN Standards: IEEE 802 Subsequently ISO 8802 currently organized into seventeen working groups (e.g. IEEE 802.3) IEEE 802.1 defines overall architecture and practices for LANs/MANs

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

11

The Need for a Protocol Architecture

Procedures

to exchange data between devices can be complex High degree of cooperation required between communicating systems
destination addressing, path readiness to receive file formats, structure of data how commands are sent/received and acknowledged etc.

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

12

Example: File transfer

Requires Tasks:

a data path to exist

Activate data communication path Source determines that destination is ready File transfer app destination file management app is ready store file for user File format conversion
13

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Layered Protocol Architecture

Modules

arranged in a vertical stack Each layer in stack:

Performs related functions Relies on lower layer for more primitive functions Provides services to next higher layer Communicates with corresponding peer layer of neighboring system using a protocol
14

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Key Features of a Protocol

Set

of rules or conventions to exchange blocks of formatted data Syntax: data format Semantics: control information (coordination, error handling) Timing: order, speed matching, sequencing Actions: what happens when an event occurs
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 15

Internet Protocol Stack Layers (a.k.a. TCP/IP stack)

Physical Network

Application Transport Network Link Physical

16

Access or Internet Transport Application

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

OSI TCP/IP Protocol Stacks

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

17

TCP and UDP

TCP:

UDP:

connection-oriented, handshake required reliable packet delivery in sequence connectionless (datagram), no handshake unreliable packet delivery packets may arrive out of sequence or duplicated
18

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

TCP and UDP Headers TCP

UDP
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 19

IP Headers IPv4

IP Version 4 Header
20

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

IP Headers IPv6

IP Version 6 Header
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 21

Operation of TCP and IP

IP

implemented in end systems and routers, relaying data between hosts TCP implemented for end-to-end data transfer only in end systems*, assuring reliable delivery of blocks of data Each host on sub-network has a unique IP address Each process on each host has a unique TCP port number
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

* Except when?

22

TCP/IP Protocol Data Units (PDUs)

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

23

TCP/IP Concepts Data Flow

data application transport network link physical application transport network link physical network link physical data application transport network link physical
24

application transport network link physical

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

TCP/IP Concepts

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

25

TCP Applications
SMTP:

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol FTP: File Transfer Protocol telnet: remote login HTTP: web browsing

Inelastic or Elastic?
26

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

TCP Applications
user agent mail server user agent mail server user agent user agent

TCP control connection port 21

SMTP SMTP
mail server

FTP client

TCP data connection port 20

file transfer
htt

FTP server

SMTP
user agent

pr equ e st PC running http res Explorer pon se

user agent

email

st que re se Server on tp p ht running res p t Apache Web ht Server

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

Mac running Navigator

Web browsing

27

Internetworking Terms
Communication network Internet Intranet

Subnetwork End system Bridge Intermediate system Router

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 28

Routers
Provide

link between networks Accommodate network differences:

Addressing schemes Maximum packet sizes Hardware and software interfaces Network reliability

Congestion/Traffic Management
Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet 29

TCP/IP Internetworking Example

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

30

Figure 2-8

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

31

Figure 2-9

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

32

Figure 2-10

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

33

OSI Reference Model

Application Session Presentation Transport Network Data

link Physical
34

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

The OSI Protocol Stack

Protocols, Internetworking & the Internet

35