Maribao, Mgfb

Maribao, Mgfb

Microbiology and Parasitology

(Lecture)
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Fundamentals of Microbiology

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Microbiology
Concerned with the form, structures, reproduction, physiology, metabolism and identification of microorganisms
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Microbiology

distribution in nature relationship to each other and to other living things

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Microbiology

beneficial and detrimental effects on human beings

physical and chemical changes they make in the environment

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Types of Microorganism
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Bacteriol ogy
Applied Areas of Microbiology

Virology

Mycology

Phycology Maribao, Mgfb

Applied Microbiology

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Applied Microbiology

Chemotheraphy

Medicine and other products

Food Industry

Applied Microbiology

Genetic Engineering

Medical Research

Genetic Engineering
Human growth hormone
(Dwarfism) Insulin (Diabetes) Blood clotting factor (Hemophilia) Recombinant vaccines (Hepa A and B vaccines)
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Applied Microbiology

Genetic Engineering

Human hemoglobin (Emergency blood substitute) Taxol (Breast and ovarian cancer) Erythropoeitin (Anemia) Monoclonal antibodies (Disease dx and prevention)
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Applied Microbiology

Medical Research
simple and small structures; easy to study genetic material is easily manipulated can grow large number of cells quickly; at low cost short generation time; useful to study genetic changes
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Applied Microbiology

Photosynthesis Decomposers Nitrogen Fixation Digestion

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History of Microbiology
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History of Microbiology

Early Studies
Robert Hooke Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
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Spontaneous Generation

History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology

Spontaneous Generation

vs Biogenesis
(established by Rudolf Virchow)

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History of Microbiology

Theory of Biogenesis
FRANCISCO REDI
proved that maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

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History of Microbiology

LAZARO SPALLANZANI
found that nutrient broth that

had been heated in sealed flask would not become contaminated with microbes contradicted John Needhams (pro-SGT) expt
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History of Microbiology

LOUIS PASTEUR
finally disproved SG demonstrated that microbes in the environment were responsible for microbial growth in nutrient broth
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History of Microbiology

LOUIS PASTEUR
designed SWAN NECK FLASKS that allowed air in, but trapped microbes in neck developed ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE (practices that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms)
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Pasteurs Expt

History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology

Golden Age of Microbiology Pasteurs Contributions

Fermentation
- yeasts convert sugar into alcohol in the absence of air - souring & spoilage are caused by bacterial contamination of beverages
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Fermentation

History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology

Fermentation

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History of Microbiology Pasteurs Contributions

Pasteurization

- liquids are heated (650C) to kill most spoilage-causing bacteria

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History of Microbiology Pasteurs Contributions

Disease causes - identified microbes that caused silkworm disease; fowlcholera causing disease Vaccine - for rabies from dried spinal cord of infected rabbits
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History of Microbiology

Germ Theory of Disease

- belief that microbes cause diseases

AGOSTINO BASSI
found that a fungus was

responsible for silkworm disease

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History of Microbiology

Germ Theory of Disease

IGNAZ SEMMELWEISS
demonstrated

that childbirth fever was transmitted from one patient to another, by physicians who didnt disinfect their hands
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History of Microbiology

Germ Theory of Disease

JOSEPH LISTER
used disinfectant to treat surgical wounds, greatly reducing infection rates considered the father of antiseptic surgery
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History of Microbiology

Germ Theory of Disease

ROBERT KOCH
first to conclusively proved that a specific bacterium caused a disease via an expt on anthrax-causing disease
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ROBERT KOCH Germ Theory: one microbe causes one specific disease

History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology

ROBERT KOCH

Kochs Postulate states that:

1.The organism must always be found in the diseased animal but not in healthy ones;
2. The organism must be isolated from a disease animal and grown in pure culture away from the animal;
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History of Microbiology

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History of Microbiology

Kochs Postulate states that:

3. The organism isolated in pure culture must initiate and reproduce the disease when re-inoculated into a susceptible animal; 4. The organism should be re-isolated from the experimentally infected animal.
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History of Microbiology

EDWARD JENNER
vaccination (anti-smallpox) immunity
Cowpox blisters scrapings
Inoculated to an 8yr old by scratching

Got midly sick

Never contracted cowpox or smallpox

Recovered from sickness Maribao, Mgfb

History of Microbiology

Modern Microbiology
Chemotheraphy
Quinine first known chemical
to treat disease (malaria) Synthetic drugs lab made drugs (first made: SALVARSAN)

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History of Microbiology

Modern Microbiology

Antibiotics Paul Ehrlich search for magic

bullet; discovered salvarsan

Alexander Fleming Rene Dubos discovered 2

antibiotics (gramidin and tyrocidine produced by B. brevis)
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Classification of Microorganism
Taxonomic Hierarchy
organisms are grouped into series of subdivisions

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Domain
Phylum Class Order Family
Genus

Kingdom

Specific epithet

Scientific Name

Classification of Prokaryotes
Bergys Manual of Bacteriology in some cases : pure cultures of the same species differs - Strain (each group) * collection of cells derived from a single cell * identified by numbers, letters, or names ff specific epithet
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Classifying Microorganisms

Nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus latin names binomial : underligned / italized

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Diversity of Microorganisms

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Diversity of Microorganisms

1. Bacteria
simple, unicellular, prokaryote with cell wall : peptidoglycan divides by binary fission source of nutrients varies: heterotrophs / autotrophs motility : flagella or cilia
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Diversity of Microorganisms

Bacteria shapes several forms

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Diversity of Microorganisms

Bacteria

include two groups: Eubacteria Archaebacteria

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Diversity of Microorganisms

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Diversity of Microorganisms

2. Archaea
unicellular; some with cell walls (lacks peptidoglycan) extreme environment three groups: methanogens extreme halophiles extreme thermophiles
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Diversity of Microorganisms

Archaea

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Diversity of Microorganisms

3. Fungi
eukaryote unicellular or multicellular do not carry out photosynthesis source of nutrients varies : saprotrophs or parasitic true fungi with cell walls : chitin reproduce sexually or asexually
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Diversity of Microorganisms

Fungi
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Diversity of Microorganisms

4. Protozoa
unicellular; eukaryote locomotion : pseudopods; flagella; cilia free living or parasitic

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Diversity of Microorganisms

5. Algae
photosynthetic eukaryote unicellular or multicellular sexual or asexual reproduction with cell wall : cellulose

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Diversity of Microorganisms

6. Viruses acellular infectious agents obligate intracellular parasites simple structure : either with DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
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Viruses

Diversity of Microorganisms

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Diversity of Microorganisms

7. Multicellular Animal Parasites

eukaryotes microscopic or macroscopic require hosts helminths : flatworms and roundworms
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Diversity of Microorganisms

Helminths

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Differences between Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell

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Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Cell size
Nucleus Membrane organelles Cell wall

0.2 2 m in dm
Absent Absent Chemically complex

10 100 m in dm
Present Present When present, simple

Ribosomes
DNA

Smaller (70S)
Single circular chromosome

Larger (80S) in cell

Multiple linear chromosomes

Flagella
Cell division

Rotary in movement
Binary fission

Whip like in movement Mitosis Meiosis

Reproduction
Cytoskeleton

Conjugation
Absent

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Prokaryotic Cell

bacteria and archaea differences in: Morphology (shape / arrangement); Chemical composition (staining reactions); Nutritional requirements; Biochemical activities; Energy source (sun / chemicals)
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Prokaryotic Cell

Bacterial Morphology
basic shapes : coccus, bacillus, spiral spiral

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 Coccus

Prokaryotic Cell spherical

Diplococci in pairs Streptococci in chains Tetrads groups of four Sarcinae groups of eight Staphylococci grapelike clusters Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotic Cell

Cocci

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Bacillus rodshaped; mostly appear as single rods Diplobacilli in pairs Streptobacilli in chains Coccobacillus oval rods

Prokaryotic Cell

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Prokaryotic Cell Spiral have one or more

twists Vibrio comma shaped; like curved rods Spirilla helical; corkscrew shaped w/ rigid bodies; use whiplike external flagella Spirochetes helical ; w/ flexible bodies; use Maribao, Mgfb axial filaments

Prokaryotic Cell

Other less common shapes:

Star (Stella sp.) Flat and square (Haloarcula sp.) Triangular

Pleomorphic w/ several possible

shapes ; in few groups Corynebacterium Rhizobium ( genetically : bacteria are Maribao, Mgfb monomorphic)

Prokaryotic Cell

pleomorphism

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Bacterial Anatomy (Structures)

Special structures: glycocalyx flagella axial filaments fimbriae pili

Prokaryotic Cell

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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

1. Glycocalyx (sugar coat)

substance surrounding cells viscous; gelatinous; polysaccharide or polypeptide or both made inside the cell excreted out two forms : capsule or slime layer
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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

Fxns of glycocalyx
attachment nutrient source prevent dehydration escape host immune system
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Prokaryotic Cell

Glycocalyx

Capsule
organized; firm to the cell wall bacterial virulence; prevent dessication; attachment evades phagocytosis Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus mutans Klebsiella sp. Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotic Cell

Capsule by negative staining

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Prokaryotic Cell

Glycocalyx

Slime layer unorganized; loosely attached to cell wall important virulence; adherence prevent dehydration
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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

2. Flagella
long; filamentous; helical; thin motility 4 arrangements: monotrichous amphitrichous lophotrichous peritrichous

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Prokaryotic Cell

Flagella

3 basic parts : *filament (long; outermost; flagellin) *hook (filament is attached) *basal body (anchorage ) - w/ central rod in ring series motility patterns allow taxis

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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

3. Axial filaments (endoflagella)

bundles of fibers; beneath an outer sheath; spiral around cell produces a corkscrew motion (due to rotation) can penetrate body tissues in spirochetes: Treponema pallidum Borrella burgdorferi

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Prokaryotic Cell

Axial filament

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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

4. Fimbriae and Pili

hairlike appendages; shorter, straighter, thinner than flagella; attachment in Gram-negative bacteria
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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

Fimbriae
at poles or over entire cell surface adheres to surfaces colonizes host tissue

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Special structures

Prokaryotic Cell

Pili
conjugation or sex pili longer than fimbriae only 1 or 2 for each cell allow transfer of genetic material between cells transfer of antibiotic resistance genes
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Prokaryotic Cell

Fimbriae vs Pili

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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

1.Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

no sterols (except Mycoplasma) and CHO w/ membrane proteins amphiphatic : hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

Fxns: selective barrier nutrient breakdown and energy (ATP) production site of photosynthesis
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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

2. Cytoplasm
inclusions; nuclear area; ribosomes no cytoskeleton no cytoplasmic streaming

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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

3. Nuclear Area
nucleoid : single, long, circular dsDNA (bacterial chromosome) plasmids : small, circular dsDNA; replicates independently
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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

4. Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis 70S consist of protein & rRNA

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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

5. Endospores
durable dehydrated cells; thick walls & addtl layers sporecoat & dipicolinic acid specialized resting cells survives extreme heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals, disinfectants, acids, bases

Prokaryotic Cell

Endospore

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Prokaryotic Cell SPORULATION

GERMINATION
Vegetative cell (metabolicall y active)

Endospore (not metabolically active)

Vegetative cell (metabolical ly active)

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Prokaryotic Cell

Structures internal to cell wall

6. Inclusions
reserve deposits in cytoplasm Metachromatic granules - inorganic phosphate for ATP synthesis - Corynebacterium diphtheriae Polysaccharide granules - glycogen & starch Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotic Cell

Inclusions

Lipids - fat granules - Mycobacteria; Bacillus; Azotobacter; Spirillum Sulfur granules - energy - Thiobacillus
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Prokaryotic Cell

Inclusions

Carboxysomes - carbon fixation - nitrifying bacteria, cyanobacteria, thiobacilli Gas vacuoles - regulate bouyancy; aquatic bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cell

Inclusions

Magnetosomes - w/ iron oxide; aquatic Gram negative bacteria - decomposes hydrogen peroxide

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Prokaryotic Cell

Bacterial Cell Wall

complex; semirigid; maintain cell shape; prevent rupture of cell; surrounds plasma membrane protection from adverse changes in environment
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Prokaryotic Cell

Bacterial Cell Wall

site of action for antibiotics with chemical composition used to differentiate bacteria
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Prokaryotic Cell

Bacterial Cell Wall

Composition : peptidoglycan (murein) * repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides forming LATTICE * disaccharide component : 2 monosaccharides = NAG and NAM
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Prokaryotic Cell

Bacterial Cell Wall

peptidoglycan * alternating NAG-NAM are linked in rows of 10 to 65 molecules * adjacent rows are linked by POLYPEPTIDES - tetrapeptide side chains linked by peptide cross bridges (targeted by PENICILLIN)

Prokaryotic Cell

Gram positive cell wall

many layers of peptidoglycan (forms thick, rigid structure) w/ TEICHOIC ACIDS (consist of ALCOHOL & PHOSPHATE) * 2 types: 1. Lipoteichoic acid (span cell wall, linked to PM) 2. Wall teichoic acid (linked Maribao, Mgfb to

Prokaryotic Cell

Gram positive cell wall

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Prokaryotic Cell

Gram positive cell wall

* cell growth, prevent cell lysis; identification

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Gram positive cell wall

Prokaryotic Cell

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Prokaryotic Cell

Gram negative cell wall

thinner CW; 1 or few layers of PG + outer membrane more complex; more susceptible to mechanical breakage PG is bonded to lipoproteins in OM and PERIPLASM no teichoic acid Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotic Cell

Gram negative cell wall

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Prokaryotic Cell

Gram negative cell wall OUTER MEMBRANE : LPS; lipoproteins; phospholipids * LPS : O polysaccharide lipid A (endotoxin) * evades phagocytosis & host defenses * barrier to some antibiotics, digestive enzymes * w/ PORINS (form channels) Mgfb Maribao,

Gram negative cell wall

Prokaryotic Cell

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Gram Differential Staining Reaction - used to identify bacteria

Primary stain Decolorizer Accepted Resisted Accepted Accepted

Prokaryotic Cell

Gram positive Gram negative

Counterstain

Accepted

Accepted
Thin

Stain reaction Blue to purple Red to pink Peptidoglycan Thick

LPS
Teichoic acid

Absent
Present

Present
Absent Maribao, Mgfb

Prokaryotic Cell

Atypical cell wall

no cell wall or very little wall Mycoplasma sp. w/ PM : w/ sterols (protect cell from lysis) Archaea : no PG but w/ pseudomurein AFB : w/ waxy layer in cell wall
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Bacterial Physiology
Physical reqts for growth

Temperature
1. Psychrophiles
- cold loving; can grow at 00C; w/ 2 grps: * True psychrophiles - below 200C * Psychrotrophs
0

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Bacterial Physiology

psychrophiles

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Bacterial Physiology

2. Mesophiles
- middle loving; mostly pathogens; causes most food spoilage; 25 400C

3. Thermophiles
- heat loving; 45 600C; HYPERTHERMOPHILES (extreme thermophiles) * Archea; 800C or higher
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Bacterial Physiology

Thermophiles

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 pH

Bacterial Physiology Physical reqts

- most bacteria : neutral pH (6.5-7.5) yeasts & molds: wider pH range but prefers 5-6

1.Acidophiles
- very low pH (0.1-5.4); - ex. Chemoautotrophs, Lactobacillus
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Lactobacilli

Bacterial Physiology

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2. Neutrophiles

Bacterial Physiology Physical reqts

- pH 5.4-8.5; mostly human pathogens

3. Alkalinophiles / Basophiles
- alkaline or high pH (7-12 or higher) - ex. Vibrio cholerae, Alkaligenes faecalis, Agrobacterium
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Vibrio cholerae

Bacterial Physiology

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Bacterial Physiology

Agrobacterium

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 Osmotic Pressure
- cells are 80 90% water

Bacterial Physiology Physical reqst

1. Hypertonic solutions
- increased OP : removes water from cell (plasmolysis)

2. Hypotonic solutions
- decreased OP : water enters the cell
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 Salinity
1. Halophiles

Bacterial Physiology Physical reqts

- require moderate to large salt concentrations - ocean bacteria

2. Extreme or Obligate Halophiles

- very high salt concentrations (20-30%) Maribao, Mgfb - bacteria in deep-sea

Bacterial Physiology Physical reqts

3. Facultative Halophiles
- do not require high salt concentrations, but tolerates 2% salt or more

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Halophiles

Bacterial Physiology

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Bacterial Physiology Physical reqts

Osmolarity
1. Osmophiles 2. Osmotolerant

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 Nutritional requirements
(Chemical requirements)

Bacterial Physiology

Carbon
- 50% of dry weight of cell - structural backbone of organic cmpds

1.Chemoheterotrophs
- from energy source : lipids; proteins; CHO - organic carbon (glucose) Maribao, Mgfb

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

2. Chemoautotrophs / Photoautotrophs
- from CO2 - inorganic carbon

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 Nitrogen

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

- 14% of dry cell weight - used to form amino acids, DNA, RNA - sources: protein from bacteria; ammonium ions; N2; nitrates
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Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Bacterial Physiology

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 Sulfur - used to form proteins; some vitamins (thiamin & biotin) - sources: H2S; sulfate ions; sulfurcontaining amino acids

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

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Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

Phosphorus
- used to form DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids - sources: inorganic phosphate salts; buffers

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 Trace Elements
Growth factors

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

- used as coenzyme factors - K; Mg; Ca; Fe; Cu; Mo; Zn; Co; B

- vitamins; amino acids 1. phototrophs can synthesize GF 2. Auxotrophs cannot synthesize GF Maribao, Mgfb

 Energy Source

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

1. Phototrophs light 2. Chemotrophs oxidation / chemical compounds: * autotrophs * heterotrophs

Water
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 Oxygen requirements
1.Obligate (strict) Aerobes
- require oxygen - ex. Pseudomonas; common nosocomial pathogens

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

- use O2; produce more energy from nutrients than anaerobes

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Pseudomonas

Bacterial Physiology

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Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

2.Obligate Anaerobes
- cannot use oxygen; harmed by toxic forms of oxygen; ex. Clostridium spp.
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Clostridium

Bacterial Physiology

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3.Facultative Anaerobes
- w/ or w/o oxygen - ex. E. coli; Staphylococcus; yeasts; many intestinal bacteria

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

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Staphylococcus

Bacterial Physiology

yeasts
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4.Aerotolerant Anaerobes
- w/ or w/o oxygen but grow best in the absence of oxygen - ex. Lactobacillus

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

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5.Microaerophiles

Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

- only small amount of oxygen (5%); aerobic - ex. Campylobacter

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Bacterial Physiology

Campylobacter

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Bacterial Physiology Chemical reqts

6.Capnophiles
- require CO2
Other ways of Bacterial Identification

Biochemical tests
Enzymatic activities - ability to ferment a selected CHO
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 Provide insights into species niche in the ecosystem

-bacteria w/c can fix N2 or oxidize S

Identifying pathogen
(characteristics) - family of Enterobacteriaceae * oxidase negative
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Growth of Bacterial Cultures

Bacterial Division Bacterial growth
- increased in bacterial # NOT an increased in size of individual cells - bacteria reproduce by BINARY FISSION or BUDDING

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Generation Time
time required for a cell to divide depends & varies among organisms & envtl conditions mostly : 3 hrs others: 24hrs/gen. considers only BINARY FISSION
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Phases of Growth

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Phases of Growth
1.Lag phase - physiological growth; 1 hr to several days - period of adjustment of organism to new envi. - little multiplication 2. Log phase - exponential phase; cell division - metabolically active cells BUT Maribao, Mgfb sensitive to adverse conditions

Phases of Growth

3. Stationary phase - period of equilibrium; population size stabilizes; - growth rate slows down - # of microbial deaths balances # new cells 4. Death phase - decline phase; decrease in # - cells lost the ability to divide -# of deaths exceeds # of new cells

Bacterial Genetics

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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA
Replica tion

Bacterial Genetics

RNA
Transcrip tion

Proteins

Translation

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Bacterial Genetics

DNA Reactions:
1. REPLICATION
one parental dsDNA molecule is converted to 2 daughter cells semi conservative strands
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Bacterial Genetics

DNA replication

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Bacterial Genetics

2. GENE EXPRESSION
TRANSCRIPTION
copying or transcribing the genetic info in DNA into a complementary base sequence of RNA RNAs are made : mRNA; tRNA; rRNA

Bacterial Genetics

Transcription

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Bacterial Genetics

2. GENE EXPRESSION

TRANSLATION
process by w/c the base sequence of mRNA determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

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Translation

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Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression

1.REPRESSION

Bacterial Genetics

inhibits gene expression & decreases the synthesis of enzymes response to overabundance of endproduct

2. INDUCTION
turns on transcription of genes Maribao, Mgfb

Bacterial Genetics

3. MUTATION
change in base sequence of DNA spontaneous or induced

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Bacterial mutation

Bacterial Genetics

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Bacterial Genetics

Genetic Transfer & Recombination

Genetic recombination - exchange of genes bet. 2 DNA mols. To form new combinations of genes on a chromosome
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Genetic Exchange bacteria

Bacterial Genetics in

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Bacterial Genetics

Genetic Transfer & Recombination

1.Transformation in bacteria
genes are transferred from 1 bacterium to another as naked DNA in soln
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Bacterial Genetics

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Bacterial Genetics

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Bacterial Genetics

Genetic Transfer & Recombination

2. Conjugation in bacteria
mediated by 1 kind of plasmid sex pilus allows genetic transfer F factor - F+ & FMaribao, Mgfb

Bacterial Genetics

Conjugation in Bacteria

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Bacterial Genetics

Conjugation

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Bacterial Genetics

Genetic Transfer & Recombination

3. Transduction in bacteria
bacterial DNA is tranferred from donor cell to recipient cell inside a bacteriophage

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Transduction

Bacterial Genetics

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Control of Microbial Growth

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Terms:

Control of Microbial Growth

Sterilization
- destruction of all forms of microbial life - done by steam under pressure/ sterilizing gas Commercial sterilization - sufficient heat tx to kill endospores of C. botulinum in canned food Maribao, Mgfb

Control of Microbial Growth

Terms:

Disinfection
- destruction of vegetative pathogens - uses physical or chemical methods

Antisepsis
- destruction vegetative pathogens on living tissue - via chemical antimicrobials Maribao, Mgfb

Control of Microbial Growth

Terms:

Degerming
- removal of microbes from limited area (ex. Injection site)

Sanitization
- lowers microbial counts on eating & drinking utensils

Biocide / Germicide
- kills microbes
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Control of Microbial Growth

Terms:

Bacteriostasis
- inhibits growth & multiplication of bacteria

Sepsis
- bacterial contamination

Asepsis
- absence of contamination - free of pathogens Maribao, Mgfb

Control of Microbial Growth

Rate of Microbial Death

Factors influencing effectiveness of antimicrobial tx 1.# of microbes 2.Envtl infleunces 3.Time exposure 4.Microbial characteristics
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Control of Microbial Growth

Actions of Microbial Control Agents

1. Alteration of membrane permeability 2. Damage to proteins & nucleic acids
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Control of Microbial Growth

Methods of Microbial Control

1.Physical methods 2.Chemical methods 3.Chemotherapy

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Control of Microbial Growth

Physical Methods

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Autoclave
Dry heat Oven

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Control of Microbial Growth

Physical Methods

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Control of Microbial Growth

Physical Methods

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Control of Microbial Growth

Physical Methods

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UV sterilization

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Control of Microbial Growth

Chemical Methods

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Maribao, Mgfb

Chemical Methods

Control of Microbial Growth

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Chemical Methods

Control of Microbial Growth

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Viruses

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Viruses
parasites; acellular; genetic info in a protein coat no enzymes; directs hosts cell metabolic machinery significant to medicine

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Discovery
Dmitri Iwanowski (Russian)
tobacco mosaic disease

Viruses

filtered sap of diseased tobacco

Viruses

Martinus Beijenrick (Dutch)

discovered distinction bet. bacteria & virus virus as poison

Viruses

Wendell Stanley (US)

isolation ; purified & crystallized TMV

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Viruses

Classification
1.HOST RANGE
spectrum of hosts a virus can infect bacteria, animals, plants, fungi, protists

2. SIZE
approx. 20-14,000 nm smaller & simpler than bacteria
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Viruses

Classification
Viral Specificity types of cells that virus can infect Dermotropic Neurotropic Pneumotropic Lymphotropic Viscerotropic
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2. Viral Size

Viruses

approx. 20-14,000 nm smaller & simpler than bacteria

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3. STRUCTURE
based on coats structure capsid; envelope; spike

Viruses

linear or circular nucleic acid

* dsDNA * ssDNA * ds RNA (short circuits flow of info from DNA to RNA to protein) * ssRNA (translated directly by host ribosomes) + strand (mRNA) and - strand

Viruses

viral capsid
- capsomeres - 3 arrangements: polyhedral; helical; complex

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polyhedral
many sided common : ICOSAHEDRON

Viruses

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Adenovirus

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Poliovirus

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helical
long rods; NA in hollow cylindrical capsid

Viruses

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Rabies virus

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Ebola virus

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Viruses

Complex
mostly bacterial viruses (bacteriophage)

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Poxvirus

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Bacteriophage

Bacteriophage

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 viral envelope

Viruses

- cytoplasmic membrane from host cells - sensitive to chloroform & ether - w/ or w/o spikes - used for identification - enveloped helical or enveloped polyhedral
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Herpes simplex virus

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HSV 1

HSV2

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Viruses

Life Cycle (viral replication)

1.Attachment (adsorption) 2.Penetration (lysozyme is released ) 3. Biosynthesis 4. Maturation 5. Release (lysis) virions from host cell
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Replication Pathways
1.Lytic cycle
Cell bursts at end of cycle T-even (virulent phage)

Viruses

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Viruses

2. Lysogenic cycle
host cell remains alive leads to quiescent state (lysogeny) latent (inactive)

bacteriophage Lambda (temperate phage) (Corynebacterium; Streptococci; C. botulinum; V. cholerae)

Lysogenic Cycle
Attachment & Penetration Circularization Integration (formation of Prophage) Excision

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Virus Mode of Entry

Respiratory tract through inhalation GIT through ingestion Skin either through: - Inoculation through abrasions - intro of arthropod vector
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Effects of Viruses on Host Cells

cell death or cytopathogenic effect (CPE) transformation of normal cells into malignant cells latent infection causes clumping of RBC
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Important Human Virus

DNA Virus Families
Adenoviruses cause respiratory infections tonsilitis adenitis mild respiratory illness cough
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 Poxviruses produce skin lesions

smallpox cowpox

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 Herpes viruses herpetic

means to cause spreading cold sores Herpes simplex 1 (oral herpes) Herpes simplex 2 (genital herpes) Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox & shingles) Epstein-Barr virus
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 Papovaviruses cause warts

(papillomas), tumors (polyoma), & cytoplasmic vacuoles Human papilloma virus

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 Hepadna viruses cause

hepatitis & liver cancer Hepatitis B virus

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RNA Virus Families

Picornaviruses Poliovirus hepatitis A virus Rhinoviruses

Togaviruses cause rubella & horse encephalitis

Rhabdoviruses cause rabies & many animal diseases
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Viruses and Cancer o Oncogenic viruses approx.

10% of all cancers are virus induced

o Oncogenes - viral genes that

cause cancer in infected cells

o Provirus viral genetic material

- integrates host cell DNA & replicates Maribao, Mgfb

o DNA Oncogenic Viruses

Adenoviridae (rodents) Herpesviridae (Epstein-Barr virus & Kaposis Sarcoma, Herpes virus) Papovaviridae (Papillomaviruses) Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B)
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Viruses

o RNA Oncogenic Viruses

Retroviridae (Human T-cell leukemia 1 & 2)

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Detection of Viruses
o Electron mx o Immunologic Assays - Western Blot - ELISA o Biological Assays o Hemagglutination Assay o Molecular Assays - PCR - Southerns (DNA) or Northern (RNA)

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Antiviral Therapeutic Agents

Agent Virus
Amantadine
Acyclovir Ganciclovir Ribivarin Azidothymidine Interferon
Influenza
Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Cytomegalovirus Respiratory syncytial virus/ Lassa virus HIV Cytomegalovirus

Mechanism
Inhibits uncoating
Inhibits DNA polymerase Inhibits DNA polymerase Inhibits viral enzymes for guanine biosynthesis Inhibits reverse transcriptase Inhibits protein Mgfb Maribao,

Viruses

Viral Infections 1.Latent

remains in equilibrium w/in host ex. Herpesviruses (reactivated by immunosuppression) * Herpes simplex * Varicella zoster
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Viruses

Shingles(Varicella- zoster)

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Viruses

2. Persistent viral infection

prolonged diseases (slow viral infection) fatal; caused by conventional viruses ex. Measles virus

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Disease

Primary Effect Causative Agent

Mental retardation Measles virus

Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (SSPE) Progressive encephalitis

(Morbillivirus)
Rapid mental deterioration

Rubella virus (Rubivirus) Papovavirus (Papovaviridae)

Progressive multifocal Brain degeneration leukoencephalopathy

AIDS dementia complex

Brain degeneration HIV (Lentivirus)

Persistent enterovirus Mental infection deterioration

Echovirus Maribao, Mgfb

Viruses

Other infectious agents

Viroids
- ssRNA w/o capsid

Prions
- no nucleic acid

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Viruses

Special Types of Viruses

Retroviruses Influenza viruses Tumor viruses

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Viruses

Retroviruses

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Viruses

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Influenza virus

Viruses

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Influenza virus

Viruses

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Viruses

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Viruses

Tumor virus

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Fungi

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Viruses

Special Issue
AIDS : The Risk to Health Care Workers
understanding the risk CDC

universal precautions by CDC * gloves * gowns, masks, goggles * needles * disinfection Maribao, Mgfb

Viruses

preventive tx after exposure * prophylactic use of antiviral drug zidovudine (AZT)

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Fungi
Fungi

Fungi

Mycology General Characteristics cause of infections (as nosocomial & in compromised immune systems)
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Fungi

General Morphology

Candida
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Fungi

1. Yeasts

Pneumocystis
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Fungi 2. Molds

Fungi

mycorrhizae (symbiotic fungi) valuable to animals (fungi-farming ants)

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Fungi Fungi 3. Fleshy

Fungi

used as food (mushrooms) produce foods (bread & citric acid) drugs (alcohol & penicillin) Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Reproduction

Fungi

Characteristics: uses biochemical tests to identify physical appearance for multicelled fungi Mgfb Maribao,

Fungi

Fungi

Nutritional structures vegetative * describes fungal Requirements elements teleomorphs * produce sexual & asexual spores anamorphs Maribao, Mgfb * only asexual

Fungi Molds & Fleshy Medically important

Fungi

phyla thallus (body) * w/ long filaments of cells (hyphae) * septate or coenocytic hyphae * fragmentation
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Fungi

Fleshy fungi

Fungal diseases

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Fungi diseases Fungal Yeasts nonfilamentous,

Fungi

unicelled, spherical or oval as white powdery coating on fruits & leaves

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Fungi

Fungal diseases

Yeasts

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Fungi diseases Fungal Yeasts

Fungi

budding yeasts (Saccharomyces) some w/ pseudohyphae (Candida albicans) fission yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces)
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Fungal diseases Saccharomyces

Fungi

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Candida

Fungi

Fungal diseases

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Fungi diseases Fungal Dimophic Fungi

2 growth forms dimorphism as mold or yeast

Fungi

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Fungi diseases Fungal Life Cycle

Fungi

asexually by fragmentation of hyphae sexual & asexual by spore formation identified by spore type
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Fungi diseases Fungal Nutritional Adaptations

Fungi

adapted to envi hostile to bacteria chemoheterotrophs absorb nutrients

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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Nutritional Adaptations
grow better in pH 5 mostly aerobic most yeasts are facultative anaerobes mostly resistant to osmotic pressure

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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Nutritional Adaptations
can grow w/ very low mositure content require less N2 metabolizes CHO (such as lignin)

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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Nutritional Adaptations
can grow on unlikely subs (bathroom walls, shoe leather, discarded newspapers)
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Fungi diseases Fungal Zygomycota

Fungi

(conjugation fungi) saprophytes w/ coenocytic hyphae Rhizopus nigricans (common black bread mold)
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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Rhizopus nigricans
sporangiospores as asexual spores zygospores as sexual spores

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Fungi Fungal diseases Ascomycota

(sac fungi)

Fungi

include molds w/ septate hyphae & some yeasts conidiospores as asexual spores ascospores as sexual Maribao, Mgfb spores

Fungi diseases Fungal Basidiomycota

Fungi

(club fungi) w/ septate hyphae include mushrooms conidiospores as asexual spores

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Fungi diseases Fungal Deuteromycota

Fungi

sexual cycle is not observed in holding category

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Fungi FUNGAL DISEASES Fungal mycosis diseases generally chronic infections 5 groups accdg to degree of tissue involvement & mode of entry into the host: subcutaneous cutaneous superficial opportunistic Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Systemic mycoses Fungal diseases deep within the body not restricted to any particular region of the body affects a number of tissues & organs caused by fungi that lives in soil via spore inhalation infection begins in lungs then speads non-contagious Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Systemic mycoses Fungal diseases Histoplasmosis - superficially resembles TB - usually lungs initially infected - spreads in blood & lymph - causes lesions in body organs - poorly defined symptoms - abt 0.1% cases become progressive & severe - Histoplasma capsulatum Maribao, Mgfb

Histoplasma capsulatum Fungal diseases dimorphic fungi airborne conidia in bats, bird droppings

Fungi

Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides immitis (dimorphic) in dry, alkaline soil of American southwest valley fever or San Joaquin fever air inhalation Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Subcutaneous mycoses Fungal diseases beneath skin by saprophytic fungi in soil & vegetation via direct spore implantation into wound puncture

Cutaneous mycoses (dermatomycoses) by dermatophytes infects epidermis, hair, nails Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Cutaneous mycoses Fungal diseases human to human; animal to human direct contact

Superficial mycoses localized in hair shafts & surface epidermis prevalent in tropical climates

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Fungi Opportunistic pathogen Fungal diseases in debilitated or traumatized patients (under tx w/ antibiotics) immunosuppressed patients Stachybotrys - in water-damaged walls of homes - causes pulmonary hemorrhage in infants Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Opportunistic Fungal diseases Mucormycosis - Rhizopus & Mucor in patients w/ diabetes mellitus, leukemia, taking immunosuppressive drugs

Aspergillosis Aspergillus in people w/ delitating lung disease or cancer Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi Opportunistic Fungal diseases yeast infection (candidiasis) Candida albicans occurs as vulvovaginal candidiasis or thrush in newborns, AIDS patients

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Fungi diseases Fungal Economic Effects

Fungi

used in biotechnology Aspergillus niger * used to produce citric acid for food & beverages since 1914
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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

used to make bread & wine genetically engineered to produce proteins (Hepa B vaccine)
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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Saccharomyces, Torulopsis

used as protein supplements for humans & cattle

Trichoderma

used commercially to produce cellulase Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi diseases Fungal

Taxomyces

Fungi

Cellulase from Trichoderma

used to remove plant cw to clear fruit juice produces taxol (anticancer drug)
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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

used as biological pest control Entomorphaga killed gypsy moths (in US)

Candida oleophila

used to prevent fungal growth on harvested fruits Maribao, Mgfb

Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

undesirable effects in industry & agriculture * spoilage of fruits, grains, vegetables * on jams & jellies Re: paraffin layer on top of jar
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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Phytophthora infestans
caused potato blight (Ireland mid-1800s) infect soybeans, potatoes, cocoa

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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Cryphonectria parasitica

fungal blight in chestnut tree from China 1904

Ceratocystis ulmi

Dutch elm disease by bark beetle

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Fungi diseases Fungal Lichens

Fungi

green alga + fungus in mutualistic rel 1st life forms to colonize newly exposed soil or rock secrete organic acids Maribao, Mgfb (weathers rock)

Fungi diseases Fungal Lichens

Fungi

on trees, concrete structures, rooftops slowest-growing orgsms

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Fungi diseases Fungal

Fungi

Economic Importance as dyes for clothing usnic acid from Usnea as antimicrobial agent in China Erythrolitmin as dye in litmus paper (pH indicator) Maribao, Mgfb

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Terms Pathology - scientific study of disease

Etiology - cause of disease

Pathogenesis - how disease develops

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Infection - invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms Disease

- when infection results in a change from a state of health
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Normal Microbiota (flora)

microorganisms that remain throughout an indivuals life

Transient Microbiota
present for a time & then disappear
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Relationship between Normal Microbiota & Host Microbial Antagonism

- normal flora that inhibits overgrowth of harmful microbes - ex. E.coli bacteriocins inhibit pathogens
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Relationship between Normal Microbiota & Host

Symbiosis
Living together Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

o Opportunistic Pathogens * organisms that normally do not cause disease in their natural habitat in a healthy person

o Cooperation Among Microbes

Synergism greater effect of two

microbes acting together
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Etiology of Infectious Diseases

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

o Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

Some microbes cannot be cultured in artificial media. Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy) Rickettsias, Chlamydias, & viruses
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Treponema pallidum
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Mycobacterium leprae

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

o Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

One disease may involve several different pathogens diarrhea pneumonia meningitis peritonitis nephritis

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

o Exceptions to Kochs Postulates

Some pathogens may cause several different diseases

Streptococcus pyogenes Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Effects of Infectious Diseases

Symptoms subjective feelings not obvious to an observer

Signs objective changes that can be measured

Syndrome group of signs & symptoms associated w/ a disease
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Classifying Infectious Diseases

Communicable spread from one host to another, direct or indirect

Contagious spread easily from one person to another Noncommunicable not spread from one host to another
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Disease Occurrence
Disease Incidence - % of popn that contracts a disease in a given time Disease Prevalence - % of popn that has the disease during a given time
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Disease Occurrence

Sporadic Disease occurs only occasionally ex. polio Endemic constantly present in the popn ex. common colds Epidemic many people acquire disease in short period of time Pandemic worldwide epidemics
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Disease Duration
Acute develops rapidly, but lasts a short time ex. Flu & common colds

Chronic develops more slowly, & rxns are less severe ex. TB, Hepa B, infectious mononucleosis
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Disease Duration

Subacute intermediate bet. acute & chronic ex. bacterial endocarditis

Latent causative agent remains inactive for a time, but then becomes active & produces diseases symptoms ex. Shingles, genital & oral herpes, AIDS

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Host Involvement
Local Infection microbes are limited to small area of the body ex. boils, acne Systemic (Generalized) Infection microbes are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph ex. measles , AIDS
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Systemic (Generalized) Infection

bacteremia septicemia toxemia viremia Focal Infection starts as a local infection & spread to other parts of body ex. From teeth, tonsils, appendix

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Host Resistance Determines Extent of Infection

Primary Infection acute infection that causes initial illness Secondary Infection caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened host immune system
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Host Resistance Determines Extent of Infection

Subclinical Infection does not cause any noticeable illness in host

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Spread of Infection
Chain of Infection
Causative agent
Susceptible Host Reservoir

Portal of Entry

Mode of Transmission

Portal of Exit

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Spread of Infection
Reservoirs of Infection Human infected individuals who may or may not present a disease ex. Carriers of AIDS, gonorrhea

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Reservoirs of Infection

Animal zoonoses are diseases that occur primarily in wild & domestic animals

Nonliving two major sources are soil & water

o Soil Clostridium tetani & botulinum o Water Vibrio cholerae & Salmonella typhi
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Transmission of Disease
Contact Transmission Direct person-to-person

Indirect agent is transferred via nonliving object Droplet microbes are spread in mucus droplets that travel short distances (less than 1 m)

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Vehicle Transmission
Waterborne caused by water contaminated w/ sewage Airborne by droplets in dust that travels more than 1 m to the host

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Vectors Arthropods (insects) Mechanical transmission passive transport of pathogens on insects body Biological transmission pathogen spends of its life cycle in the vector
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Portal of Exit
Respiratory tract from nose & mouth GIT exit in saliva or feces Urogenital tract penis & vagina; urine; skin & wound infections Blood via insects , needles , syringes
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Nosocomial (Hospital Acquired) Infections

acquired from health care facility
predisposing factors variety of microbes weakened or immunocompromised px chain of transmission

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

chain of transmission workers to patient patient to patient fomites airborne

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Important Nosocomial Pathogens normal microbiota antibiotic resistance other microbes Enterobacteria Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., & Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aurues Fungi C. albicans & others Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mgfb Maribao,

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Control of Nosocomial Infections

aseptic techniques careful handling & disposal of contaminated material frequent & adequate hand washing proper infection control training of staff isolation of wards & rooms
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions avoid unnecessary invasive procedures regular disinfection of respirators & humidifiers & maintenance of autoclaves use of disposable &/or sterile supplies infection control committee
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Predisposing Factors for Disease

o gender o genetic factors o climate & weather o nutrition o fatigue / stress o occupation o environment o lifestyle o age o Other illness Maribao, Mgfb

Development of Disease
Incubation period Prodromal period

Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Illness period
Convalescence period

Decline period

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Epidemiology
o studies when & where diseases occur & how they are transmitted in a popn o etiology; predisposing factors; incidence; prevalence; transmission; Public Health Policy & Prevention
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Types of Epidemiological Studies

Descriptive retrospective studies that collect data on diseases occurrence
Analytical analyzes a disease to determine its probable cause
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Analytical

Case control method look for factors that precede disease - compare sick individuals to healthy individuals

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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Analytical

Cohort method - studies two popn, one that has been exposed to a certain risk factor Experimental test drugs or vaccines on susceptible popns
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Principles of Disease and Epidemiology

Types of Epidemiological Studies

Case Reporting requires health workers to report specified diseases to govt agencies

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Host Defenses
Resistance * ability to ward off disease

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Host Defenses

Nonspecific Host Defenses

o Nonspecific Resistance defenses that protect against all pathogens

o Specific Resistance protection against specific pathogens

o Susceptibility vulnerability or lack of resistance

Host Defenses

Protection Against Invading Pathogens

st 1

Line of Defense

nonspecific natural barriers w/c restrict entry of pathogen

Ex. Skin ; mucous membranes

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Host Defenses

Protection Against Invading Pathogens

nd 2

Line of Defense

innate nonspecific immune defenses provide rapid local response to pathogen after it has entered the host Ex. Fever; Phagocytes; Inflammation; Interferon
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Host Defenses

Protection Against Invading Pathogens

3rd Line of Defense antigen-specific immune responses

- targets attack specific invaders that gets past the first 2 lines of defense
Ex. Antibdies , lymphocytes
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Three Lines of Defense Against Infection

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MECAHNISMS

Host Defenses

SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS

(IMMUNE SYSTEM)

First line of defense

* Skin

Second line of defense

* Phagocytic WBC * Antimicrobial proteins * Inflammatory response

Third line of defense

* Lymphocytes
* Maribao, Mgfb Antibodies

* Mucous membrane
* Secretions

Host Defenses

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1st Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Mechanical Defenses
Skin

Except: Hookworms , Dermatophytes

1st Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Mechanical Defenses
Mucous Membranes except: Papillomavirus Treponema pallidum Enteroinvasive E. coli Entamoeba histolytica
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1st Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Mechanical Defenses Lacrimal apparatus Saliva Mucus Nose hair Ciliary escalator Coughing & sneezing Epiglottis Urination Vaginal secretions Maribao, Mgfb

1st Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Chemical Defenses
Sebum w/ unsaturated fats pH (low) w/ lactic acid & fatty acids Perspiration w/ lysozyme & fatty acids Lysozyme
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1st Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Chemical Defenses
Gastric juice (pH1 3) w/ HCl, enzymes, mucus Transferrins w/ iron binding proteins

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Host Defenses

2nd Line of Defense

Phagocytosis
Eat and cell Phagocytic cells: Macrophages (Monocytes), Neutrophils, Eosinophils

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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

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Macrophage

Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

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Stages of Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis

Host Defenses

Adherence - can be inhibited by capsules - opsonization

Ingestion
Digestion
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Host Defenses

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Process of Phagocytosis

Host Defenses

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2nd Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Inflammation
- triggered by tissue damage due to infection, heat, wound, etc.
- signs & symptoms : redness, pain, heat, swelling, loss of function
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2nd Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Inflammation

Functions: destroy & remove pathogens limit effects by confining pathogen & its products repair & replace damaged tissue

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Host Defenses

Stages of Inflammation
Vasodilation

Histamine Kinins Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Phagocyte Migration & Margination margination & diapedesis

Inflammation Process

Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

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2nd Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Antimicrobial Substances
Complement system
- large group of serum proteins - participates in lysis of foreign cells, inflammation, phagocytosis
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Antimicrobial Substances

Host Defenses

- 2 mechanisms: * Classical pathway initiated by immune rxn of antibodies

* Alternative pathway
initiated by direct interaction of complement proteins w/ microbial polysaccharides
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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

Consequences of Complement Activation

Inflammation Opsonization Inactivation of Complement

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Host Defenses

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2nd Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Interferons (IFNs)
antiviral proteins that interferes w/ viral multiplication

Interferon alpha & beta

- produced by virus infected cells & diffuse to neighboring cells - causes uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins (AVPs)

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2nd Line of Defense

Host Defenses

Interferon gamma
- produced by lymphocytes - causes neutrophils to kill bacteria

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Host Defenses

Specific Host Defense : The Immune Response

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Host Defenses

The Immune Response

o Immunity free from burden
o Immune Response 3rd line of defense

o Antigen molecules from

pathogen or foreign organism that provoke specific response
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Host Defenses

The Immune Response

o Innate or Genetic Immunity immunity of organism is born with.

o Acquired Immunity immunity

that an organism develops during lifetime.
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The Immune Response

Host Defenses

o Types of Acquired Immunity

Naturally Acquired Immunity

obtained in the course of daily life Naturally Acquired Active Immunity Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

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The Immune Response

Host Defenses

Artificially Acquired Immunity obtained by receiving vaccine or immune serum Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
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The Immune Response

Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

Duality of Immune System

o Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity involves prodn of antibodies against foreign antigens

antibodies are produced by subset of lymphocytes (B cells)

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Clonal Selection

Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses Antibodies proteins that recognize specific antigens

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Host Defenses

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Antibodies

Host Defenses

Immunoglobulin Classes

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Host Defenses

Antigens
proteins or large polysaccharides from foreign organism microbes or nonmicrobes

Hapten small foreign mol that is not antigenic Epitope small part of antigen that interacts w/ an antibody
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IgG

IgM

IgA

Structure % serum Location

monomer
80%

pentamer
5-10%

Dimer
10-15%

monomer
0.2%

Host Defenses
0.002%

IgD

IgE

monomer

Blood, lymph, Blood, lymph, Secretions intestine & B cell (tears, saliva, surface milk, blood, lymph, intestine)
23 days yes 5 days yes 6 days No

B cell surface, Mast cells, blood, lymph basophils

Life Compl fix

3 days No

2 days No

Placental transfer Known fxns

Yes

No

No

No

No

Enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins, viruses, protects fetus, &

1st ab; against microbes, agglutination antigens

Protects mucosal surfaces; immunity to infant GIT

Unknown

Allergic rxn; possible lysis of worms

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Host Defenses

Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding Antigen-Antibody Complex

formed when antibody binds to antigen it recognizes

Affinity
measure of binding strength
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Host Defenses

Agglutination antibodies cause antigens to clump together

Opsonization coating of antigens enhances ingestion & lysis by phagocytes

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Host Defenses

Neutralization IgG inactivates viruses by binding to their surface - neutralize toxins by blocking their active sites

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1 2

Host Defenses

3 4
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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

Duality of Immune System

Cell Mediated Immunity

involves specialized sets of lymphocytes (T cells) that recognize antigens on cell surface, organisms, or tissues

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Host Defenses

Cytokines
chemical messengers of immune cells - stimulate &/or regulate immune responses

Interleukins
- communication bet. WBCs
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Host Defenses

Interferons
- protect against viral infections

Chemokines
- Attract WBCs to infected areas

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Host Defenses

Cellular Components of Immunity

Helper T cells - recognize antigen on surface of presenting cells - activate macrophage - induce Tcell formation - stimulate ab prodn by Bcells

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Host Defenses

Cytotoxic T cells
- destroy target cells - lyse infected cells

T Suppressor cells
- may shut down immune response

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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

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Host Defenses

Immunological Memory
o Primary Response
- no antibodies found in serum for several days - gradual increase in titer - B cells become plasma cells, some become long living memory cells - grdual decline of antibodies

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Host Defenses

o Secondary Response - due to subsequent exposure to the same antiigen - displays faster & more intense antibody response

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