Dimensional Engineering: Based On The ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard

DIMENSIONAL ENGINEERING
Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard
Tolerances of Form
Straightness (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)
Flatness (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)
Circularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
Cylindricity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size Tolerance

25.1 25
25 (MMC)
25.1 (LMC)
25.1 (LMC)
25 (MMC)
MMC Perfect Form Boundary
25.1 (LMC)
Internal Feature of Size

25 24.9
24.9 (LMC)
25 (MMC)
24.9 (LMC)
25 (MMC)
24.9 (LMC)
External Feature of Size
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance 0.5 Tolerance
Straightness is the condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone
25.25 max 24.75 min
0.1 Tolerance Zone
In this example each line element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the applicable straightness limit.
The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line
Straightness
(Surface Elements)
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone
MMC
0.1 Tolerance Zone MMC
0.1 Tolerance Zone MMC
In this example each longitudinal element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines separated by the specified tolerance value. The feature must be within the limits of size and the boundary of perfect form at MMC. Any barreling or waisting of the feature must not exceed the size limits of the feature.
Straightness (RFS)
0.1
0.1 Diameter Tolerance Zone
MMC
Outer Boundary (Max)
Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value regardless of the feature size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter.
Straightness (MMC)
15 14.85 0.1
M
15 (MMC)
15.1 Virtual Condition 14.85 (LMC)
15.1 Virtual Condition

Virtual Condition = MMC Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder is allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance Zone 0.1 Tolerance Zone
24.75 min
25.25 max
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the flatness limit.
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
Circularity
(Roundness)
0.1
90
0.1 90
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the circularity limit.
Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance
Cylindricity
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone
MMC
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of size and the cylindricity limit.
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a composite control of form which includes circularity (roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
Form Control Quiz

Questions #1-5 Fill in blanks (choose from below)
1. The four form controls are ____________, ________, ___________, and ____________. 2. Rule #1 states that unless otherwise specified a feature of size must have ____________at MMC.
3. ____________
and ___________ are individual line or circular element (2-D) controls.
4. ________ and ____________are surface (3-D) controls. 5. Circularity can be applied to both ________and _______ cylindrical
parts.
straightness straight perfect form
cylindricity angularity flatness tapered profile circularity true position
Answer questions #6-10 True or False
6. Form controls require a datum reference. 7. Form controls do not directly control a features size. 8. A features form tolerance must be less than its size
tolerance.
9. Flatness controls the orientation of a feature. 10. Size limits implicitly control a features form.
Tolerances of Orientation
Angularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2)
Perpendicularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)
Parallelism (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)
Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5 0.3 A 30
o
A
19.5 min 20.5 max
30
30
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone
60
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
A
0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 45 o
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented at the specified angle to the datum reference axis.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity
0.3 A
A
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented perpendicular to the datum reference plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity

C
0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 C
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented perpendicular to the datum reference plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Perpendicularity
0.3 A
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented perpendicular to the datum reference axis.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right angle to the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
A
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone 0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.5 max
24.5 min
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented parallel to the datum reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface equidistant at all points from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
NOTE: The specified tolerance does not apply to the orientation of the feature axis in this direction

0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented parallel to the datum reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the datum reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Surfaces)

0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.3 A B 0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented parallel to the datum reference planes.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the two datum reference planes, within the specified tolerance zone.
Parallelism
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented parallel to the datum reference axis. NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS
0.1 Circular Tolerance Zone 0.1 A
Datum Axis A
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along its length from the datum reference axis, within the specified tolerance zone.
Orientation Control Quiz

1. The three orientation controls are __________, ___________, and ________________. 2. A _______________
the orientation controls. is always required when applying any of
3. ________________
is the appropriate geometric tolerance when controlling the orientation of a feature at right angles to a datum reference.
4. Mathematically all three orientation tolerances are _________. 5. Orientation tolerances do not control the ________ of a feature. perpendicularity datum feature angularity datum target location identical datum reference parallelism profile
6. Orientation tolerances indirectly control a features form. 7. Orientation tolerance zones can be cylindrical.
8. To apply a perpendicularity tolerance the desired angle

must be indicated as a basic dimension.
9. Parallelism tolerances do not apply to features of size. 10. To apply an angularity tolerance the desired angle must
be indicated as a basic dimension.
Tolerances of Runout
Circular Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1)
Total Runout (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
Features Applicable to Runout Tolerancing

Internal surfaces constructed around a datum axis
External surfaces constructed around a datum axis Datum axis (established from datum feature
Angled surfaces constructed around a datum axis
Datum feature
Surfaces constructed perpendicular to a datum axis
Circular Runout
Total Tolerance Circular runout can only be applied on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
Maximum
Minimum
Full Indicator Movement Maximum Reading Minimum Reading

0
Measuring position #1 (circular element #1)
Full Part Rotation
Measuring position #2 (circular element #2)
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation).
Circular Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A A
50 +/-0.25 o
o
50
+/- 2
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max. Full Indicator Movement
)
0
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. Collet or Chuck
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
Datum axis A
360 o Part Rotation

NOTE: Circular runout in this example only controls the 2-dimensional circular elements (circularity and coaxiality) of the angled feature surface not the entire angled feature surface
Single circular element
Circular Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Single circular element
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. 0
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset when repositioned along the feature surface. Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
360 o Part Rotation
Datum axis A NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the planar surface (wobble and waviness) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
0
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
Single circular element 360 o Part Rotation Datum axis A
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the surface (circularity and coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A-B
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
0
Machine center
Single circular element Datum axis A-B
360 o Part Rotation
Machine center NOTE: Circular runout in this example will only control variation in the 2-dimensional circular elements of the surface (circularity and coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
Circular Runout
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
A 0.75 A B 50 +/-0.25 B
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is located against the datum surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual measuring position along the feature surface. Single circular element
Stop collar 360 o Part Rotation

+
0
Collet or Chuck
Datum axis B
Datum plane A
Total Runout
Total Tolerance Total runout can only be applied on an RFS basis and cannot be modified to MMC or LMC.
Maximum
Minimum
Full Indicator Movement Maximum Reading Minimum Reading
Full Part Rotation
Indicator Path
0
When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example, total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall orientation).
Total Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A A
50 +/-0.25 o
o
50
+/- 2
As Shown on Drawing Means This:

When measuring total runout, the indicator must not be reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is moved along the entire length of the feature surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max. (applies to the entire feature surface)
Collet or Chuck
Full Part Rotation
Datum axis A
NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout will provide 3-dimensional composite control of the cumulative variations of circularity, coaxiality, angularity, taper and profile of the angled surface
Total Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A 10 35 50 +/-0.25
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature surface within the area described by the basic dimensions.
+ +
10 35 Full Part Rotation
When measuring total runout, the indicator must not be reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max. (applies to portion of feature surface indicated)
Datum axis A
NOTE: The use of total runout in this example will provide composite control of the cumulative variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature surface.
Runout Control Quiz

1. Total runout is a 2-dimensional
control.
2. Runout tolerances are used on rotating parts. 3. Circular runout tolerances apply to single elements . 4. Total runout tolerances should be applied at MMC. 5. Runout tolerances can be applied to surfaces at right
angles to the datum reference.
6. Circular runout tolerances are used to control an entire

feature surface.
7. Runout tolerances always require a datum reference. 8. Circular runout and total runout both control axis to
surface relationships.
9. Circular runout can be applied to control taper of a part. 10. Total runout tolerances are an appropriate way to limit
wobble of a rotating surface.
11.
Runout tolerances are used to control a features size.
12. Total runout can control circularity, straightness, taper,

coaxiality, angularity and any other surface variation.
Tolerances of Profile
Profile of a Line (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)
Profile of a Surface (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)
Profile of a Line
20 X 20 A1 B 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 A2
1 A B C
17 +/- 1
A
2 Wide Size Tolerance Zone 18 Max 16 Min.
1 Wide Profile Tolerance Zone
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel lines oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to float within the larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and orientation of any individual line element along the entire surface. Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the line element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the drawing.
Profile of a Surface
20 X 20 A1 B 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 A2
2 A B C
23.5
2 Wide Tolerance Zone Size, Form and Orientation
23.5
Nominal Location
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature.
Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as a single entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire surface and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation of a feature surface.
(Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20 A1 B 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 A2
1 A B C
C 50
1 Wide Total Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard 0.5 Outboard 50

C
Nominal Location
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary equally about the true profile of the trim. Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a bilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone allows the trim edge variation and/or locational error to be on both sides of the true profile. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface.
(Unilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20 A1 B 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 A2
0.5 A B C
C 50
0.5 Wide Total Tolerance Zone
50
Nominal Location
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that allows the trim surface to vary from the true profile only in the inboard direction. Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a unilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone limits the trim edge variation and/or locational error to one side of the true profile. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface.
(Unequal Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20 A1 B 20 X 20 A3 20 X 20 A2
0.5 1.2 A B C
C 50
1.2 Wide Total Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard 0.7 Outboard 50

C
Nominal Location
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to vary from the true profile more in one direction (outboard) than in the other (inboard). Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. Typically when unequal values are specified, the tolerance zone will represent the actual measured trim edge variation and/or locational error. The tolerance applies to the entire edge surface.
0.5 A 0.1 25
Location & Orientation
Form Only
A 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone 25.25
24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar Surfaces w/o Orientation Refinement
0.5 A 0.1 A 25 Location Form & Orientation
A 0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.25
A 24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar Surfaces With Orientation Refinement
Profile Control Quiz

1. Profile tolerances always require a datum reference. 2. Profile of a surface tolerance is a 2-dimensional control. 3. Profile of a surface tolerance should be used to control
trim edges on sheet metal parts.
4. Profile of a line tolerances should be applied at MMC. 5. Profile tolerances can be applied to features of size. 6. Profile tolerances can be combined with other geometric
controls such as flatness to control a feature.
7. Profile of a line tolerances apply to an entire surface. 8. Profile of a line controls apply to individual line elements. 9. Profile tolerances only control the location of a surface. 10. Composite profile controls should be avoided because
they are more restrictive and very difficult to check.
11.
Profile tolerances can be applied either bilateral or unilateral to a feature.
12. Profile tolerances can be applied in both freestate and

restrained datum conditions.
13. Tolerances shown in the lower segment of a composite

profile feature control frame control the location of a feature to the specified datums.
Profile Control Quiz

1. The two types of profile tolerances are _________________, and ____________________. 2. Profile tolerances can be used to control the ________, ____, ___________ , and sometimes size of a feature. 3. Profile tolerances can be applied _________ or __________. 4. _________________ 6. _________________
tolerances are 2-dimensional controls. tolerances are 3-dimensional controls.
5. ____________________
can be used when different tolerances are required for location and form and/or orientation.
7. When using profile tolerances to control the location and/or orientation of a feature, a _______________ must be included
in the feature control frame.
8. When using profile tolerances to control form only, a ______ __________ is not required in the feature control frame. 9. In composite profile applications, the tolerance shown in the upper segment of the feature control frame applies only to the ________ of
the feature.
composite profile bilateral virtual condition profile of a surface primary datum orientation datum reference unilateral profile of a line location true geometric counterpart form
Tolerances of Location
True Position (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Concentricity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12)
Symmetry (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13)
Notes
Coordinate vs Geometric Tolerancing Methods

8.5 +/- 0.1 Rectangular Tolerance Zone 10.25 +/- 0.5 B 8.5 +/- 0.1 1.4 A B C Circular Tolerance Zone 10.25
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
Coordinate Dimensioning
+/- 0.5
Geometric Dimensioning
1.4 +/- 0.5
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
57% Larger Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Increased Effective Tolerance
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Z
Feature axis actual location (measured)
Positional tolerance zone cylinder Actual feature boundary
Y
Feature axis true position (designed)
Formula to determine the actual radial position of a feature using measured coordinate values (RFS) Z= Z X2 + Y2 positional tolerance /2
Z = total radial deviation X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Z
Feature axis actual location (measured)
Positional tolerance zone cylinder Actual feature boundary
Y
Feature axis true position (designed)
Formula to determine the actual radial position of a feature using measured coordinate values (MMC) X2 + Y2 +( actual - MMC) Z 2 = positional tolerance Z = total radial deviation X2 = X measured deviation Y2 = Y measured deviation Z =
Bi-directional True Position

Rectangular Coordinate Method
2X
1.5 A B C
2X
0.5 A B C
10
B
10
35
As Shown on Drawing
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
1.5 Wide Tolerance Zone True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame
10 10 35
B
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone basically located to the datum reference frame

Multiple Single-Segment Method
2X 6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C 0.5 A B
10
B
10
35
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
1.5 Wide Tolerance Zone True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame
10 10 35
B
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone basically located to the datum reference frame

Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept)
2X 13 +/-0.25 1.5 M A B C BOUNDARY 2X 6 +/-0.25 0.5 M A B C BOUNDARY
10 10 35
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Both holes must be within the size limits and no portion of their surfaces may lie within the area described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum boundaries when the part is positioned with respect to the datum reference frame. The boundary concept can only be applied on an MMC basis.
True position boundary related to datum reference frame
5.75 MMC length of slot -0.50 Position tolerance 5.25 maximum boundary
12.75 MMC width of slot -1.50 Position tolerance 11.25 Maximum boundary
C
90 o
10 10 35
Composite True Position

Without Pattern Orientation Control
2X 6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C 0.5 A
10
10 35
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
0.5 Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Cylinder
pattern orientation relative to Datum A only (perpendicularity)
1.5 Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Cylinder

pattern location relative to Datums A, B, and C
10 10 35
True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
Composite True Position

With Pattern Orientation Control
2X 6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C 0.5 A B
10
B
10
35
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
True Position Related to Datum Reference Frame 1.5 Pattern-Locating Tolerance Zone Cylinder
pattern location relative to Datums A, B, and C
10 10 35
0.5 Feature-Relating Tolerance Zone Cylinder

pattern orientation relative to Datums A and B
Each axis must lie within each tolerance zone simultaneously
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05 0.5 A
15.95 15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Axis of Datum Feature A 0.5 Coaxial Tolerance Zone
Derived Median Points of Diametrically Opposed Elements Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of diametrically opposed elements must lie within a 0.5 cylindrical tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis.
Location (Symmetry)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05 0.5 A
15.95 15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Center Plane of Datum Feature A 0.5 Wide Tolerance Zone
Derived Median Points

Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be applied on an RFS basis.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerances are applied to individual or patterns

of features of size.
2. Cylindrical tolerance zones more closely represent the

functional requirements of a pattern of clearance holes.
3. True position tolerance values are used to calculate the

minimum size of a feature required for assembly.
4. True position tolerances can control a features size. 5. Positional tolerances are applied on an MMC, LMC, or
RFS basis.
6. Composite true position tolerances should be avoided

because it is overly restrictive and difficult to check.
7. Composite true position tolerances can only be applied

to patterns of related features.
8. The tolerance value shown in the upper segment of a

composite true position feature control frame applies to the location of a pattern of features to the specified datums.
9. The tolerance value shown in the lower segment of a

composite true position feature control frame applies to the location of a pattern of features to the specified datums.
10. Positional tolerances can be used to control circularity 11.

True position tolerances can be used to control center distance relationships between features of size.
True Position Quiz

1. Positional tolerance zones can be ___________, ___________,

or spherical
2. ________________
are used to establish the true (theoretically exact) position of a feature from specified datums.
3. Positional tolerancing is a _____________

a feature.
control.
of
4. Positional tolerance can apply to the ____ or ________________

5. _____ and ________ fastener equations are used to determine
appropriate clearance hole sizes for mating details
6. _________ tolerance zones are recommended to prevent fastener

interference in mating details.
7. The tolerance shown in the upper segment of a composite true position feature control frame is called the ________________
tolerance zone.
8. The tolerance shown in the lower segment of a composite true position feature control frame is called the ________________
tolerance zone.
9. Functional gaging principles can be applied when __________ ________ condition is specified surface boundary floating feature-relating pattern-locating rectangular cylindrical 3-dimensional basic dimensions projected location maximum material fixed axis
Fixed and Floating Fastener Exercises
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Applies to Each Part Individually
A B
H=F+T or T=H-F
H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of fastener T= Positional tolerance diameter
2x
10.50 +/- 0.25 ?.? M
Calculate Required Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size = F = Max. Fastener Size = 10.25 10
A
Calculate Nominal Size
T = 10.25 -10 T = ______

2x ??.?? +/- 0.25 0.5 M
remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value.
H = F +T
F = Max. Fastener Size = T = Positional Tolerance = 10 0.50
H = 10 + 0.50 H = ______
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Applies to Each Part Individually
A B
H=F+T or T=H-F
2x
10.50 +/- 0.25 0.25 M
Calculate Required Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size = F = Max. Fastener Size = 10.25 10
A
T = 10.25 -10 T = 0.25

2x 10.75 +/- 0.25 0.5 M
H = F +T
H= H=
10 + .5 10.5 Minimum
REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Equal 10
A B
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC size to obtain the correct nominal value.
Calculate Required Clearance Hole Size.
2x
??.?? 0.8 M
+/- 0.25
A
2X M10 X 1.5 0.8 M P 10
Nominal Size (MMC For Calculations)
H = F + 2T
F = Max. Fastener Size = T = Positional Tolerance = 10.00 0.80
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8) H = _____ B
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
A B
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
2x
11.85 0.8
+/- 0.25
A
2X M10 X 1.5 0.8 M P 10
H = F + 2T
F = Max. Fastener Size = T = Positional Tolerance = 10.00 0.80
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8) H = 11.60 Minimum B
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
A B
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
2x
11.85 0.8
+/- 0.25
A
2X M10 X 1.5 0.8 M P 10
H = F + 2T
H = 10 + 2(0.8) H = 11.6 Minimum B
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where two mating details are assembled, and one part has restrained fasteners, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate appropriate hole sizes and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note: in this example the resultant positional tolerance is applied to both parts equally.)

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
A B
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
2x
11.25 +/- 0.25 0.5 M
Calculate Required Positional Tolerance . (Both Parts)
A
T = (H - F)/2
2X M10 X 1.5 0.5 M P 10
H = Minimum Hole Size = F = Max. Fastener Size =
11 10
T = (11 - 10)/2 T = 0.50
B
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
10
A B
H=F+(T1 + T2)
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole F = Maximum diameter of fastener T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) ??.?? 0.5 M
+/- 0.25 remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value.
2x
A
2X M10 X 1.5 1 M P 10
H=F+(T1 + T2)
F = Max. Fastener Size = T1 = Positional Tol. (A) = T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = 10 0.50 1
H = 10+ (0.5 + 1) H = ____ B
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Used When Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
10
A B
H= F+(T1 + T2)
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole F = Maximum diameter of fastener T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) 11.75 0.5 M
+/- 0.25 remember: the size tolerance must be added to the calculated MMC hole size to obtain the correct nominal value.
2x
A
2X M10 X 1.5 1 M P 10
H=F+(T1 + T2)
F = Max. Fastener Size = T1 = Positional Tol. (A) = T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = 10 0.5 1
H = 10 + (0.5 + 1) H = 11.5 Minimum B

Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H P F
A B
H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of pin T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) D= Min. depth of pin (Part A) P= Maximum projection of pin
2x
??.?? +/-0.25 0.5 M
A
2x 10.05 +/-0.05 0.5 M
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
F = Max. pin size T1 = Positional Tol. (A) T2 = Positional Tol. (B) = Min. pin depth = Max. pin projection 10 = 0.5 = 0.5 D = 20. P = 15 =
H = 10.00 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20)) H= __________
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H P F
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
H= Min. diameter of clearance hole F= Maximum diameter of pin T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2= Positional tolerance (Part B) D= Min. depth of pin (Part A) P= Maximum projection of pin
A B
2x
12 +/-0.25 0.5 M
A
2x 10.05 +/-0.05 0.5 M
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
F = Max. pin size = 10 T1 = Positional tol. (A) = 0.5 T2 = Positional tol. (B) = 0.5 D = Min. pin depth = 20 P = Max. pin projection = 15
H = 10 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20)) H= 11.75 Minimum

25.1 25 25 24.9
25 (MMC)
25.1 (LMC)
24.9 (LMC)
25 (MMC)
25.1 (LMC)
24.9 (LMC)
25 (MMC)
25 (MMC)
25.1 (LMC)
24.9 (LMC)
Virtual Condition Boundary

Internal Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5 1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition Inner Boundary Maximum Inscribed Diameter 1 Positional Tolerance Zone at MMC
True (Basic) Position of Hole
Other Possible Extreme Locations

Boundary of MMC Hole Shown at Extreme Limit True (Basic) Position of Hole Axis Location of MMC Hole Shown at Extreme Limit
Calculating Virtual Condition 13.5 1 MMC Size of Feature Applicable Geometric Tolerance
12.5
Resultant Condition Boundary

Internal Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5 1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Resultant Condition Outer Boundary Minimum Circumscribed Diameter 2 Positional Tolerance Zone at LMC
True (Basic) Position of Hole

Boundary of LMC Hole Shown at Extreme Limit True (Basic) Position of Hole Axis Location of LMC Hole Shown at Extreme Limit
Calculating Resultant Condition (Internal Feature) 14.5 2 LMC Size of Feature Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
16.5

External Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5 1M A B C
C
XX.XX
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Virtual Condition Outer Boundary Minimum Circumscribed Diameter 1 Positional Tolerance Zone at MMC
True (Basic) Position of Feature

Boundary of MMC Feature Shown at Extreme Limit True (Basic) Position of Feature Axis Location of MMC Feature Shown at Extreme Limit
Calculating Virtual Condition 14.5 1 MMC Size of Feature Applicable Geometric Tolerance
15.5

External Feature (MMC Concept)
14 +/- 0.5 1M A B C
C
XX.X
XX.X
As Shown on Drawing
Resultant Condition Inner Boundary Maximum Inscribed Diameter
2 Positional Tolerance Zone at LMC
True (Basic) Position of Feature Other Possible Extreme Locations Boundary of LMC feature Shown at Extreme Limit True (Basic) Position of Feature Axis Location of LMC Feature Shown at Extreme Limit
Calculating Resultant Condition (External Feature) 13.5 2 LMC Size of Feature Geometric Tolerance (at LMC)
11.5

Dimensional Engineering: Based On The ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard

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Dimensional Engineering: Based On The ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard

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DIMENSIONAL ENGINEERING

Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Standard

Straightness (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)

Flatness (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)

Circularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)

Cylindricity (ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)

Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size Tolerance

MMC Perfect Form Boundary

Internal Feature of Size

Extreme Variations of Form Allowed By Size Tolerance

MMC Perfect Form Boundary

External Feature of Size

0.1 Tolerance 0.5 Tolerance

Straightness is the condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line

25.25 max 24.75 min

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone MMC

0.1 Tolerance Zone MMC

0.1 Diameter Tolerance Zone

Outer Boundary (Max)

Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance

0.1 Diameter Tolerance Zone

15.1 Virtual Condition 14.85 (LMC)

0.25 Diameter Tolerance Zone

15.1 Virtual Condition

0.1 Tolerance Zone 0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone

Form Control Quiz

and ___________ are individual line or circular element (2-D) controls.

straightness straight perfect form

cylindricity angularity flatness tapered profile circularity true position

Answer questions #6-10 True or False

Perpendicularity (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)

Parallelism (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone

0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone

NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS

0.3 Circular Tolerance Zone

NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

NOTE: Tolerance applies to feature at RFS

0.1 Circular Tolerance Zone

Orientation Control Quiz

Answer questions #6-10 True or False

8. To apply a perpendicularity tolerance the desired angle

Total Runout (ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)

Features Applicable to Runout Tolerancing

Angled surfaces constructed around a datum axis

Surfaces constructed perpendicular to a datum axis

Full Indicator Movement Maximum Reading Minimum Reading

Measuring position #1 (circular element #1)

Full Part Rotation

Measuring position #2 (circular element #2)

360 o Part Rotation

Single circular element

Single circular element