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Heat transfer from extended
surfaces
For constant cross section and constant thermal conductivity
Where
Equation (A) is a linear, homogeneous, second-order
differential equation with constant coefficients.
The general solution of Eq. (A) is
C
1
and C
2
are constants whose values are to be determined
from the boundary conditions at the base and at the tip of
the fin.
2
2
2
0
d
m
dx
u
u = (A)
2
; ;
c
c
hp
T T m A A
kA
u
= = =
1 2
( )
mx mx
x C e C e u
= +
(B)
Boundary Conditions
Several boundary conditions are typically employed:
At the fin base
Specified temperature boundary condition, expressed
as: u(0)= u
b
= T
b
-T
At the fin tip
1. Specified temperature
2. Infinitely Long Fin
3. Adiabatic tip
4. Convection (and
combined convection).
Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition,
McGraw Hill 2007.
How to derive the functional dependence of
for a straight fin with variable cross section area
Ac = A = A(x)?
General Solution for Straight Fin with Three Different Boundary Conditions
In set(a)
Known temperature at x = L
In set(b)
Temperature gradient is zero at x = L
In set(c)
Heat flow to the end of an extended surface by conduction be
equal to that leaving this position by convection.
Infinitely Long Fin (T
fin
tip
=T) Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
For a sufficiently long fin the temperature at the fin
tip approaches the ambient temperature
Boundary condition: u(L)=T(L)-T
=0
When x so does e
mx
C
1
=0
@ x=0: e
mx
=1 C
2
= u
b
The temperature distribution:
heat transfer from the entire fin
/
( )
c
x hp kA
mx
b
T x T
e e
T T
= =
( )
0
c c b
x
dT
Q kA hpkA T T
dx
=
= =
Fin Efficiency Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
To maximize the heat transfer from a fin the
temperature of the fin should be uniform (maximized)
at the base value of T
b
In reality, the temperature drops along the fin, and thus
the heat transfer from the fin is less
To account for the effect we define
a fin efficiency
or
,max
fin
fin
fin
Q
Q
q = =
Actual heat transfer rate from the fin
Ideal heat transfer rate from the fin
if the entire fin were at base temperature
,max
( )
fin fin fin fin fin b
Q Q hA T T q q
= =
Fin Efficiency Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
For constant cross section of very long fins:
For constant cross section with adiabatic tip:
( )
( )
,
,max
1 1
fin c b
c
long fin
fin fin b
Q hpkA T T
kA
Q hA T T L hp mL
q
= = = =
( )
( )
,
,max
tanh
tanh
fin c b
adiabatic fin
fin fin b
Q hpkA T T mL
Q hA T T
mL
mL
q
= =
=
A
fin
= P*L
Fin Effectiveness Adapted from Heat and Mass Transfer
A Practical Approach, Y.A. Cengel, Third Edition, McGraw Hill 2007.
The performance of the fins is judged on the basis of the
enhancement in heat transfer relative to the no-fin case.
The performance of fins is expressed
in terms of the fin effectiveness c
fin
defined as
( )
fin fin
fin
no fin b b
Q Q
Q hA T T
c
= = =