USE OF MATERIAL FOR DEVELOPING SHIPS Presented To TRANSTECH 2007

Presented BY

Cdt. Naseem Ahmad 2004 38 RL 103 R L Institute Of Nautical Sciences Madurai 22

Cdt. Md. Shah Fahad 2004 38 RL 107 R L Institute of Nautical Sciences Madurai - 22

 Knowledge about material is a key concern to the transportation industry Advances in materials processing and synthesis is needed in order to meet the requirements of future transportation Extensive Research has been carried out in the areas of both material and technologies We shall focus on some important parameters in material selection and a few modern materials

Need for material development

One of the oldest, most economical and efficient way of

transportation across the globe is shipping

Development of industrialization depends largely on shipping for transportation of commodities The ever increasing demand of commodities, led to a major boost up of the shipping sector in the last decade and so Development of shipping laid the foundation for the development of materials

Factors affecting material selection

Strength Weldability Toughness

Corrosion
Formability Availability Affordability

Material: Tungsten
Characteristics:
Steel white to grey in color Hard

Corrosion Resistant
Ductile High Melting Point Expensive
Table of Properties

Material: Tungsten
Uses:
Turbine blades and wear resistant parts and coatings.

Machine tools
Heating elements Paints

Table of Properties

Material: Titanium
Dubbed as the material of future

Characteristics:
Corrosion Resistant to sea water

Erosion Resistant High strength-to-weight ratio Strong metal with low density when pure Ductile Lustrous Table of Properties1
Table of Properties 2

Material: Titanium
Uses:
Pyrotechnics Exhaust duct and hydraulic systems. Rotors & compressor blades Propeller shafts Heat exchangers of desalination plants
Shipboard application

Material: Titanium
Demerits:
Posses a significant fire hazard An explosive hazard when heated in air Easily catch fire when a fresh, nonoxidized surface gets in contact with liquid oxygen

Material: Carbon Fibre

Most recent development in the field of materials Made of carbon fibres embedded in resin Very light, strong and durable Fastly becoming one of the most popular materials More flexible properties, can be very easily customized Directional Properties can be imparted

Material: Carbon Fibre

Characteristics:
High strength to weight ratio (carbon fibre has a tensile strength almost 3 times greater than that of steel, yet is 4.5 times less dense) Resistance to corrosion

Fire and high stress tolerance levels

Chemically inert
Comparison Table

Material: Carbon Fibre

Uses:

Hull of yachts, fishing vessels, passenger vessels, cargo vessels and lifeboats

In superstructures and secondary structures of ships

Material: Carbon fibre

Weight reduction due to the use of carbon fibre (GRP & CRP) instead of Aluminium and Steel for ships superstructure construction
Feature of ships

Cryogenic Materials
Characteristics:
High strength to weight ratio Low thermal conductivity Low specific heat Ease of orthotropic fabrication Corrosion resistance Durability Fatigue resistance Self-lubricating property of some materials

Cryogenic Materials
Hazards Associated:
Physiological Hazards Material and Construction Hazards Flammability and Explosion Hazards High Pressure Gas Hazards

Cryogenic Materials
Uses:
In Cargo tanks for Liquefied Natural Gas

(LNG)
Reefer containers

Air Conditioners

Cryogenic Materials
Demerits:
Serious burns to the skin result when on direct contact with a cryogen Permanent damage to eyes when they come in contact with liquid cryogen Liquid cryogens warmed above their critical temperature will generate high pressures that can cause a confined vessel to rupture or even explode Cryogens have potential for creating oxygen deficiency because they have large liquid to gas expansion ratio (700: 1)

Material: Moissanite
Characteristics:
High sublimation temperature Chemically inert High thermal conductivity Strong coupling to microwave radiation which together with its high melting point permits practical use in heating and casting metals

Table of Properties

Material: Moissanite
Uses:
Metallic heaters Bearings

Boiler & Incinerator furnace

Various electronic components like MOSFETs, transistors, thyristors and diodes

A Word on Technology
Computationally designed materials and processing Unique nanophase materials systems for new applications Smart materials and systems based on shape memory alloys, ferroelectrics, and ferromagnets adaptive for mechanical and electrical applications Wide band-gap semiconductors, materials for microelectronics, photonics and RF and microwave applications

In the end..
Steel is still the most widely used material Significant interest in aluminum, titanium, stainless steel and composites Aggressive exploration of new materials and technologies We tried to focus on some features determining material selection and a few modern materials and their advantages in this presentation

Material: Tungsten
General

Name, Symbol, Number

Chemical series Group, Period, Block

tungsten, W, 74
transition metals 6, 6, d

Appearance
Standard atomic weight Electron configuration Electrons per shell

grayish white, lustrous

183.84(1) gmol1 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2

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Material: Tungsten
Miscellaneous Electrical resistivity Physical properties Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion Speed of sound (thin rod) Young's modulus Shear modulus Bulk modulus Poisson ratio (20C) 52.8 nm (300K) 173 Wm1K1 (25C) 4.5 mm1K1 (r.t.) (annealed) 4620 ms1 411 GPa 161 GPa 310 GPa 0.28

Phase
Density (near r.t.) Liquid density at m.p.

Solid
19.25 gcm3 17.6 gcm3

Melting point
Boiling point Heat of fusion

3695 K (3422C, 6192F)

5828K (5555C, 10031F) 52.31 kJmol1

Heat of Vaporization
Heat capacity

806.7 kJmol1
(25C) 24.27 Jmol1K1

Mohs hardness
Vickers hardness Brinell hardness CAS registry number

7.5
3430 MPa 2570 MPa 7440-33-7

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Material: Titanium
General

Name, symbol, number

Chemical series Group, period, block

titanium, Ti, 22
transition metals 4, 4, d

Appearance

silvery metallic

Standard atomic weight Electron configuration Electrons per shell

47.867(1)gmol1 [ Ar ] 3d2 4s2 2, 8, 10, 2

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Material: Titanium
Miscellaneous Magnetic ordering Physical properties Phase Density (near r.t. ) Melting point Boiling point Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Heat capacity solid 4.506 gcm3 paramagnetic

Electrical resistivity
Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion

(20 C) 0.420 m
(300 K) 21.9 Wm1K1 (25 C) 8.6 mm1K1

Liquid density at m.p. 4.11 gcm3 1941 K (1668 C, 3034 F) 3560 K (3287 C, 5949 F) 14.15 kJmol1 425 kJmol1 (25 C) 25.060 Jmol1K1

Speed of sound (thin rod)

Young's modulus Shear modulus Bulk modulus Poisson ratio Mohs hardness Vickers hardness Brinell hardness

(r.t.) 5090 ms1

116 GPa 44 GPa 110 GPa 0.32 6.0 970 MPa 716 MPa

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CAS registry number

7440-32-6

Material: Titanium
Shipboard Application
Ship Service Turbine Generator Distillation Unit Condensers & heaters (S/T) Lube Oil Coolers De-Salination Units (S/T) Firemain Systems - Piping & Fittings Fire Pumps Service Water Piping Air Conditioning Condenser (S/T) HVAC - Air Ventilation Ducting Distillation unit - Brine Heater Brine Pre-Heater (P/F) and (S/T) Engine Jacket Coolers Low Pressure Air Compressor Cooler Exhaust Uptakes Liners Oil Waste Systems * Deck Drainage Systems Urinal Drain Piping Bilges * Seawater Compensated Fuel Oil Systems *

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Stanchions *

Material: Carbon Fibre

Comparison of carbon fibre and other materials
Material Youngs Mod E (GN.m-2)
210 120 73 138

Density (g.cm-3)
7.8 4.5 2.8 1.6

Spec. Stiffness E/
26.9 26.7 26.0 86

E/

Steel Titanium Aluminium High Strength CFRP

5.2 5.2 5.1 9.3

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Material: Carbon Fibre

A 24 meter, Swedish troop carrying vessel Objective: Transform the aluminium troop vessel into a sandwich material passenger ship An 88 meter, high speed catamaran Objective: Exchange this wholly aluminium construction into an aluminium construction with a sandwich superstructure A 199 meter, ro-ro vessel Objective: Switch the two upper steel decks into aluminium constructions

A 188 meter, ro-pax vessel

Objective: Exchange the steel superstructure construction to a sandwich material

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Material: Moissanite
Identifiers
CAS number 409-21-2 Properties Molecular formula SiC

Molar mass
Appearance Density Melting point Solubility in water

40.097 g/mol
black-green odorless powder 3.22 g/cm, solid 2730C insoluble

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