Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Why SONET/SDH? SONET/SDH solution SDH format SDH mapping/multiplexing SDH pointer application
Why SONET/SDH
SONET/SDHs goal
simplify interconnection between network operators expand the compatibility
Imperfection of PDH
Three different regional digital hierarchies Rate & Format conversion induces extra high cost to customers
SONET/SDH solution
Modularity
51.84 155.52 622.08 OC-1 OC-3 OC-12 STM-1 STM-4 155.52 622.08 2488.32 9953.28 Speed Unit (Mbps)
2488.32
9953.28
OC-48
OC-192
STM-16
STM-64
SONET/SDH solution
Fixed percentage overhead
DS1 1.544Mbps 28 OC-1 51.84Mbps 3 OC-3 155.52Mbps 4 OC-12 622.08Mbps
Mux
OH
Mux
Mux
Mux
OH1
DS1 1.544Mbps
4
Mux
OH2
DS2 6.312Mbps
7
Mux
OH3
DS3 44.736Mbps
SONET/SDH benefits
Reduce costs
simplified standard interfaces eliminate vendor proprietary interfaces
Survivability
grants upgradability (modularity)
No bandwidth bottlenecks
Japan
0.064
1.544 6.312 32.064 95.728 -
Europe
0.064
2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 -
ISDN
H11 H12 H31 H32 H4 -
PTE
STM-1
MSTE
STM-N STM-N Multiplex section Path
MSTE
STM-N STM-1
PTE
SDH Format
STM-1 frame
1 2 1 9 10 11 270
RSOH
4
AU-n pointers
MSOH
9
P O H
STM-1 PAYLOAD
C-4
AU-4 VC-4
125s
2
A1
3
A1
4
A2
5
A2
6
A2
7
J0 Trace
Framing bytes
National use
BIP-24
APS
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z1 Growth Z1 R R R D5 Data com D8 Data com D11 Data com Z2 Growth
Reserved
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved Z2 M1 FEBE R R R
APS
D6 Data com D9 Data com D12 Data com E2 Orderwire
Reserved
R Reserved R Reserved R Reserved R R R
National use
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1byte
J1 Path trace B3 BIP-8 C2 Signal label G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 Path status User Multi. frame PUC Growth NOB
270
Regenerator SOH
AU-n pointers
Multiplex SOH
125s
VC-1/VC-2 POH
V5
125s
Bit No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 J2 N2 J1 N1
J2
250s
N2
375s
K4
500s
TU-3 VC-3
C-2
(E-4 mapping)
AU-3 pointer
A1 H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
3 VC-3s
(DS3 mapping)
TU-2/TU-1 pointer
A1 AU-4 pointer P H V1 VC-4 or VC-3
(DS1/E1/DS2 mapping) V2 V3 V4
Pointers Organization
(H1, H2) pointer
H1 N N N N S S I
N: New Data Flag (NDF) S: Size bit
H2 D I D I D I D I D
H3
(TU-1/TU-2) pointer
V1 N N N N S S I
TU size 0 0 TU-2 1 0 TU-12 1 1 TU-11
V2 D I D I D I D I D
V3
V4
Pointer action
Frequency Justification
positive frequency justification
1 STM-1 Frame No.1 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 2 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 3 4 I-bits inverted (H1, H2)= 9 (0110101010101001) 1 Frame No. 4 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000100) H3 H3 H3 Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1
H3 H3 H3
(3 3 3) J1 X at time ts
H3 H3 H3 3 stuffed bytes
(4 4 4) J1
H3 H3 H3
(4 4 4) J1
Frequency Justification
negative frequency justification
1 STM-1 Frame No.1 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 2 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000011) 1 Frame No. 3 4 D-bits inverted (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100101010110) 1 Frame No. 4 4 (H1, H2)= 9 (0110100000000010) H3 H3 H3 Start of VC-4 (3 3 3) J1
H3 H3 H3
(3 3 3) J1 X at time ts
(2 2 2) J1
H3 H3 H3
(2 2 2) J1