Structures in C

CI011-JIET

5/20/2012

Babita Tiwari

Data Structures (struct)

Arrays require that all elements be of the same data type. Many times it is necessary to group information of different data types. An example is a materials list for a product. The list typically includes a name for each item, a part number, dimensions, weight, and cost. C and C++ support data structures that can store combinations of character, integer floating point and enumerated type data. They are called a structs.
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 A struct is a User defined data type composed of members that are each fundamental or derived data types. A single struct would store the data for one object. An array of structs would store the data for several objects. A struct can be defined in several ways .

Structures (struct)

5/20/2012

Babita Tiwari

Data with structures

Clubbed or grouped together. Treated as a complete entity with different type of values clubbed together. Easy to read and establish relation. Complex Hierarchies can be implemented using nested structures.
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Data with structures

Movie_Details String Integer Float Movie_Name Year_of_Release Ticket_Cost

5/20/2012

Babita Tiwari

Declaring structures syntax

struct
{ <Optional Tag name>

<data type> <data type> <data type> } <object name> ;

<variable name> ; <variable name> ; <variable name> ;

5/20/2012

Babita Tiwari

Does Not Reserve Space

Declaring Structures (struct)

Reserves Space
struct my_example { int label; char letter; char name[20];
} mystruct ;

struct my_example { int label; char letter; char name[20]; };

/* The name "my_example" is

called a structure tag

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*/

Babita Tiwari

Declaring structures example

struct
{ <Optional Tag name> Movie_Details Movie_Name[20] ; <variable name> <variable name> Year_of_Release ; <variable name> ; Ticket_Cost char <data type> <data type> int <data type> float } <object name> ; God_Father

Here God_Father is a variable of type Movie_Details having Movie_Name, Year_of_Release and Ticket_Cost as their member data. Every time we declare a variable of Movie_Details type a new structure is created with the data members (in green).
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Declaring structures
struct data type is a user-defined data type. The structure tag provides a short hand for declaring more structure of a specific type. E.g. struct Movie_Details DDLJ;
/*Here DDLJ is a new structure of type Movie_Details declared earlier*/
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Declaring Structures
Using typedef
The keyword typedef creates a synonym or alias for a data type. Example: typedef unsigned long ulong;

an alias for unsigned long */ ulong width, height; /* creates variables of type ulong that is unsigned long */

/* ulong is now

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Babita Tiwari

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Alias for structures

With typedef we can create an alias for a declared structure e.g. :
typedef struct { int x; int y; } point; point init, last; /* declare two structures of point type*/

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Babita Tiwari

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Accessing Strucures
The individual members of a structure can be accessed using ".", the member access operator.
E.g. for the following structure :

typedef struct ABC { int x; int y; } point; point left;/*point is the alias

left is the variable of struct dclared before*/

void main() { left.x=0; left.y=0; /*left.x is the x member of structure left*/ printf(Left axis : %d, %d, left.x, left.y); }
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Accessing Strucures
Syntax : <structure variable name>.<member variable name> When a data member of a structure is accessed the operations performed on it would be same as are performed for any individual variable of its type.

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Babita Tiwari

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Example program
struct plant { char family[30]; char name[20]; float value; } rose; void main() {

/*both rose.name and rose.family are treated as simple string variables*/

}
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strcpy(rose.family, Rose); strcpy(rose.name,Black Rose); printf(The family is : %s, rose.family); printf(The name is : %s, rose.name);
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Arrays in structures
When we need a collection of clubbed data then we use array of a structure. For example :
struct point{ int x; int y; }listOfPoints[20]; /*listOfPoints is an array of

structure point type */

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Babita Tiwari

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Structs with Union

The union uses the same memory location for either rank or a character string (deg) depending on the answer to the prompt for student status in main( )

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Babita Tiwari

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Structs with Union (cont.)

#include <stdio.h> union status { int rank ; char deg[4] ; }; struct personal { long id ; float gpa ; union status level ; }; struct identity { char name[30] ; struct personal student ; };

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Babita Tiwari

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Structs with Union (cont.)

int main( ) { struct identity jb ; char u_g; jb.student.id = 123456789 ; jb.student.gpa = 3.4 ; printf ("Enter student status - u or g\n"); scanf ("%c", &u_g); if (u_g == 'u') { printf ("Enter rank -- 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5\n"); scanf ("%d", &jb.student.level.rank); printf ("%s is level %d\n , jb.name , jb.student.level.rank); } /* End of if statement */

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Babita Tiwari

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Structs with Union (cont.)

else { printf ("Enter degree sought -- ms or phd\n"); scanf ("%s", &jb.student.level.deg); printf ("%s is a %s candidate\n, jb.name , jb.student.level.deg ); } /* End of else statement */ printf ("%s %ld %f\n , jb.name , jb.student.id , jb.student.gpa ); printf ("%s%ld %f\n , ptr->name , ptr->student.id , ptr->student.gpa ); } /* End of program */

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Babita Tiwari

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Enumeration
Enumeration is a user-defined data type. It is defined using the keyword enum and the syntax is: enum tag_name {name_0, , name_n} ; The tag_name is not used directly. The names in the braces are symbolic constants that take on integer values from zero through n. As an example, the statement: enum colors { red, yellow, green } ; creates three constants. red is assigned the value 0, yellow is assigned 1 and green is assigned 2.

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Babita Tiwari

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Enumeration
/* This program uses enumerated data types to access the elements of an array */ #include <stdio.h> int main( ) { int March[5][7]={{0,0,1,2,3,4,5},{6,7,8,9,10,11,12}, {13,14,15,16,17,18,19},{20,21,22,23,24,25,26}, {27,28,29,30,31,0,0}}; enum days {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday};

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Babita Tiwari

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Enumeration(Continue)
enum week {week_one, week_two, week_three, week_four, week_five}; printf ("Monday the third week " "of March is March %d\n", March [week_three] [Monday] ); }

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output
Monday the third week of March is March 14

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