Analysis of Subcellular Components

OBJECTIVES
To prepare a supernatant and sedimentation of the subcellular components of chicken liver

 ATOM MOLECULE BIOMOLECULES ORGANELLES CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM BEING BIOMOLECULES Proteins Amino acid(CHON) Lipids Fatty acids(CHO) Carbohydrates Monosaccharide(CHO) RNA/DNA Nucleic acid(CHON)

 Protein
A peptide in w/c atleast 40 AA are present
Amino acid
Organic compound that contains both amino and a carboxyl group 20 amino acid in human body 10 are essential and 10 are non essential

Lipids
Organic compounds found in living organisms that is insol in polar but sol in nonpolar solvent

 Fatty acid
Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid

Carbohydrates
A polyhydroxy aldehyde or aldehyde.

Nucleic acid
Polymer of nucleotides (CHON)

 3 major structure of cell

Cell membrane Cytoplasm
Cytosol Organelles
Mitochondria ER (RER,SER) Golgi bodies/apparatus Cytoskeleton

Nucleus

LYSOSOMAL ENZYME
1. Nulceases:
- Nucleases hydrolyse nucleic acids into nitrogen bases, phosphates and sugars. The nucleases are of two types namely deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease. Deoxyribonuclease acts on DNA whereas ribonuclease acts on RNA.

2. Proteases: - Proteases hydrolyse proteins into amino acid residues. Example for proteases include cathepsin, collagenase and peptidases.

 3. Glycosidases: - Glycosidases hydrolyse glycosidic bonds of

polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Example: beta galactosidase which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

4. Lipases: - Lipases hydrolyse lipids into fatty acids and

alcohol. They include esterases and phospholipiases.

 5. Phosphatases: - Phosphatases release phosphates from organic

compounds with phosphates. These include acid phosphatases and acid phosphodiesterases.

6. Sulphatases: - Sulphatases release sulphates from the organic

compounds with sulphate.

 Mitochondria produces energy by the process called respiration The energy-rich molecule produced by the mitochondria is ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

Positive Results
Proteins Violet Colored Solution Lipids Reddish Brown Carbohydrates Red/Purple DNA Blue RNA Bluish solution with precipitate