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Glass

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Introduction
Glass is amorphic and noncrystallic solid material or supercooled fluid or to be more precise material with nondefined inner structure Properties; smooth and optically transparent

The most common compounds that bind together makes the most typical type of glass (the lime glass) are ; 75% SiO2 with Na2O, CaO and several aditives for specific glass purpose

Other compounds that can make material with inner structure similar to glass are; metal alloys, ion melt, aqueus solutions, molecular fluids and i 5/21/12

History
3500 B.C., Mesopotamia-first recorded used glass

Roman Empire-the main center for glass production in Trier(Germany) The name for glass; german ; glesun transparent thing

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Glass
Oxides;: SiO2,B203,GeO2 and P2O5- low electronegativity and ability for producing polymers

the most important type . SiO2- called quartz, hard, solid and hard to melt,at the melting point temp. viscosity which couses bubbles

Adding aditives like sodium sulphate , pottasium chloride and antimonium oxide reduces the number of bubbles so called 3D 5/21/12 net modificators

Glass
Natural glass evolves in nature after heating parts of quartz in sand causing hollow , branching structures called fulgurite. Fulgurit-lat.fulgur-lightning

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Glass

Picture 1. A sand fulgurite made by triggered lightning in 1993 at Camp Blanding, Florida-with premission from Vladimir A. Rakov University of Florida, Gainesville , 29th Annual Conference of the Glass Art Society, Tampa, Florida, 1999 THE DOMINICK LABINO LECTURE 5/21/12

Aditives for glass production

Na2CO3: lowers the transition temperature from liquid to galss phase and simplifies production(less energy ) - One deficiency ;its soluble in water so you have to add MgO and Al2O3 . Lead oxide: lowers the transition temperature , high refractory index , beautiful reflection and increased optical dispersion Thorium oxide: high dispersion, - deficiency:radioactive Iron- apsorbs infrarred light Cerium oxide: apsorbs UV light-eye contacts, 5/21/12 glasess

Types of glass
Industrial

Made from SiO2, Na2CO3, CaCO3 or dolomite CaMg(CO3)2

Laboratory glass

Glass with large amount of SiO2 with B2O3 i alkali metals for extreme chemical inert and small coefficient of thermal stretching

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Types of glass
Optical glasses- foreign iones that are added are measured in ppm

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Groups of glasses

Boratno i borosilikatno staklo: prvo staklo izraeno u Jeni (1920) , poznata pod Jena-staklo velika kemijska inertnost Izolatori za arulje, rentgenske cijevi i laboratorij

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Groups of glasses

Solid glass: 99 % SiO2 and 1% H2O high thermal expansion (1000-1500 C)- pipes for owen lime glass: windows, ,lights Lead glass: PbO,(K2O, ZnO) optical glass for fashion, crystall glass for glasses

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Grupe stakala

Phosphate glass(P2O5) little resistance towars chemicals,protective glasses, dozimetres and bowls resistanted towards fluorowodic acid Telurium glass(TeO2) extreme optical properties

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Experimental part

Making of glass ceramics, 55 %PbO 45% B(OH)3 Making of copper(III) oxide doped glass Making of cobalt(II) oxide doped glass

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Chemicals for making of glass we need;

Pb3O4 (Pb2PbO4) minium lead(II) ortoplumbate(IV), sive red-orange colour

Picture1. . Minium, 5/21/12 Pb3O4

Chemicals

Boric acid B(OH)3 white colour material For making of colored glass we used : cooper (II) oxide green colour and cobalt(III) oxide purple colour

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Procedure of making glass

Mix in another glass(100 ml) 4,05 g minium and 1,8 g boric acid, and for doping add a liitle amount of CuO or Co2O3 Homogene mixture transver to quartz pott and put it in a owen at 900 oC

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Picture 2. Quartz pot with homogene mixture for making of glass

Procedure of making glass

Heat for 20-30 minuta Melted mixture had to be transfered to ceramic mols and cooled

Picture 3. Owen for making glass 5/21/12

Procedure of making glass

Picture 4. and 5. poiring the mixture

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Results

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Picture 6. Glass

Results

During the process of cooling glass , glass start to break- sharp and sudden loose of tmeperature from 900 oC to a room temp. must use protective gloves and protective eyeglasses It consits of 55% PbO and 45% B(OH)3 Glass is transcedentally the difference between refractory index

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Commercial glass

Similar way: for commercial usage

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Crystall glass

Combining calcium oxide with lead(II)oxide Heavy lead glass has high refractory index -shiny Further manufacturing makes it even more brighter Lenses, crstall glasses, vases, jewelry ...
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Photosenzibile glasses

Making of eyeglasses Contain AgCl who dissolves under sunlight silver atoms are responsible for darkening of glass

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Manufacturing of glass

Since melting glass couses softening its easy to process in different ways by: Blowing Pouring in the cast stretching pressing

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How to analyse glass?

Its important to determine the density and refractory index Using mechanical force we can determine resistance and aberration Using polarisable microscope X-ray diffraction-the lenght of Si-O-Si bonds etc.

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Glass in high technology

Light microscope Lenses Optical fibers telecommunicationas media for high frequency electromagnetic waves (1012 1015 Hz) - the most purest silicium glass - no dispersion or very small dispersion (total reflexion)

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